Chapter 7

Place the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing wavelength (shortest at the top to longest at the bottom).

1. X-Ray 2. UV Radiation 3. Visible Light 4. IR radiation 5. Radiowaves

A p orbital has_____regions or lobes of high electron probability on either side of the nucleus. This gives the orbital a dumbbell shape with a(n)___or region of zero electron density at the nucleus.

3 node

Which of the following statements correctly describe an s orbital?

A 2s orbital has two regions of high electron density. An s orbital has a spherical shape.

Which of the following correctly defines an atomic orbital in terms of the quantum-mechanical model of the atom?

A mathematical function that describes the position of the electron-wave in three dimensions

Which of the following statements correctly describe the behavior of waves and particles according to the classical model of matter?

A wave exhibits diffraction patterns, whereas a particle does not. A wave is able to bend around the edge of an object in its path, whereas a particle is not.

Which of the following statements correctly describe wave-particle duality?

All matter exhibits wavelike motion. Energy and mass can be interconverted. Matter and energy are different forms of the same entity.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the electromagnetic spectrum?

All waves in the spectrum travel at the same speed in a vacuum. The color of visible light is related to its frequency.

Using the Schrodinger wave equation, we can determine the probability of finding an electron in a particular region of the atom. The electron probability density_____with distance from the nucleus, meaning that the farther one gets from the nucleus the____likely it is to find an electron. (Electrons are not found within the nucleus.)

Decreases Less

Which of the following equations correctly reflects the relationship between energy and frequency?

E = hν

Which of the following correctly expresses energy in terms of Planck's constant?

E = hν E=

Which of the following statements correctly describe photons?

Each photon has a specific energy, frequency, and wavelength. A photon can transfer momentum to another particle in a collision. Photons are particles of electromagnetic radiation.

Visible light is one type of________ radiation, which consists of energy propagated by electric and _______ fields that alternately increase and decrease in intensity as they move through space.

Electromagnetic Magnetic

Visible light and radio waves are both examples of_______ radiation, which has a dual nature, possessing the properties of both______ and waves.

Electromagnetic Particles

Radial probability distribution plots show the total probability (the sum within a concentric layer) of finding a(n)_____as a function of distance r from the nucleus.

Electron

Which of the following statements correctly describe the atom in terms of quantum mechanics

Electrons exhibit behavior of both waves and particles. The movement of each electron in the atom can be described by a wave function. Each electron occupies a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. This space is described by a wave function.

Why are electrons restricted to certain, discrete energy levels within an atom?

Electrons have wavelike motion and are restricted to certain energy states associated with specific wavelengths.

A central concept in quantum mechanics is that both matter and_____are alternate forms of the same entity and therefore both exhibit dual characteristics of particles and of_______This model allows a better understanding of the behavior of tiny particles such as electrons.

Energy Waves

True or false: The atomic orbital of the quantum-mechanical model is very similar to the orbit described by the Bohr model.

False

The speed of a wave is determined by multiplying the______ of the wave by its wavelength. In a vacuum all electromagnetic radiation travels at a constant speed, the speed of________ , which is equal to 3.00 x 108 m/s. (Include a word in the last fill in the blank space, not a number.)

Frequency Light

The _____ of a wave is the number of wave cycles per second. This quantity is given the symbol ν and has units of s-1 or _____.

Frequency HZ

Atoms, like all other matter, have specific energy levels within them. For an atom to absorb radiation, the energy of the radiation must match the energy _____between the two energy levels in the atoms.

Gap, Difference, Change

Which of the following is a consequence of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle?

It is not possible to assign fixed paths for electrons.

Which of the following statements correctly describe a photon?

Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon. A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation.

Electrons, like all other matter, exhibit the dual behavior of both____and waves. Since electrons travel like waves, their energy is restricted to certain energy_____each of which is associated with a specific wavelength.

Particles Levels

The phenomenon where an electric current is produced by shining a light on a metal plate is called the_____effect. The minimum frequency required to cause a current to flow is called the______frequency. This frequency depends on the identity of the metal used.

Photoelectric Threshold

Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called____which exhibit both_____and particle behavior. The greater the momentum of a photon, the_____its wavelength.

Photons Wave Shorter

Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called _______, each of which has a discrete amount, or quantum, of energy. However, since electromagnetic radiation also has wave properties, each particle is also characterized by a specific ________(usually expressed in nm) and frequency (expressed in s-1).

Photons Wavelength

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that it is not possible to know the exact momentum and_____of a particle simultaneously. In terms of atomic structure, this means that we cannot determine fixed______for electrons but can only determine the______of finding an electron in a given region of space.

Position Orbits/Levels/paths Chance/Odds

Describe the probability contour representation of an atom.

Probability contours allow us to represent a finite, bound volume in which we are most likely to find an electron.

Match each value of l, the angular momentum quantum number, to the type of orbital sublevel it designates. 0 1 2 3

S sublevel P sublevel d sublevel f sublevel

The angular momentum quantum number, l, indicates the____of the orbitals in an atom. A value of l = 0 indicates a(n)____type orbital while a d orbital is indicated by an l value of____

Sublevel S 2

Which of the following statements correctly describe the magnetic quantum number, ml

The allowed values for ml range from -l to +l. This value indicates the orientation of an orbital in the space around the nucleus.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the angular momentum quantum number, l?

The allowed values of l are determined by the value of n. The number of possible l values equals the value of n. The value of l dictates the allowed values of ml .

Which of the following statements correctly describes how energy is absorbed by an atom?

The energy of the absorbed radiation must match the difference between the two energy states of the atom.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the de Broglie wavelength for a particle?

The larger the mass of the particle, the smaller its wavelength. The smaller the object, the closer the wavelength is to the size of the object. Wave behavior is most obvious for very small particles.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the angular momentum quantum number,

The number of possible l values equals the value of n. The value of l dictates the allowed values of ml . The allowed values of l are determined by the value of n.

Which of the following statements correctly describe p orbitals?

The p orbitals of a group are perpendicular to each other. p orbitals always occur in groups of three. A p orbital has a dumbbell shape with two lobes, one on either side of the nucleus.

Which of the following statements correctly describe probability density and electron probability density diagrams?

The probability of finding an electron generally decreases with increasing distance from the nucleus. These diagrams show the probability of finding an electron in a particular region of the atom.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the information provided by quantum numbers?

The quantum number l indicates the shape of an orbital. The relative size of the orbital is indicated by the value of n. The quantum number n indicates the principal energy level of an orbital.

Select all the options that correctly describe the radial probability distribution plot of the electron in the ground-state hydrogen atom.

The radial probability distribution plot is the total probability of finding the electron as a function of distance from the nucleus. The radial probability distribution plot indicates the most probable distance from the nucleus in which to find the electron. The radial probability distribution plot is the sum of Ψ2 values of spherical layers surrounding the nucleus.

The principal quantum number n indicates the The angular momentum quantum number l indicates the The magnetic quantum number ml indicates the The relative size of the orbital is related to the value of The shape of the orbital is related to the value of

The shape of the orbital is related to the value of sublevel of the orbital. orientation of an orbital in space. the quantum number n. the quantum number l.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the photoelectric effect?

The threshold frequency differs for different metals used in the photoelectric cell. Current begins to flow immediately when light of the correct frequency shines on the metal plate.

Energy is quantized. What does this mean?

There is a basic unit of energy that cannot be subdivided further.

True or false: A probability contour represents a bounded, finite volume about a nucleus in which there is a substantial probability of finding the electron.

True

In the quantum-mechanical model of the atom, an electron is viewed as a wave-particle that occupies a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. The movement of the electron is described by a_____function, which is also called an atomic______

Wave orbital

The distance a wave travels during one cycle is called its______This is usually measured as the distance between two_____ or two troughs.

Wavelength Crests or Peaks

Which of the following determines the color of visible light?

Wavelength Frequency

All matter behaves as though it moves in a(n)___The motion of any particle can be described by the de Broglie equation, which relates the wavelength of a particle to its______and speed.

Waves Mass

According to the classical distinction between waves and matter: _____ will bend around the edges of a small opening in an object in their path. _____ will go bounce off an object in their path or go straight through.

Waves Particles

The_____momentum quantum number has the symbol l and can take values from_____to (n - 1). This number is related to the_____of the orbital.

angular 0 shape

Which of the following correctly define, depict the symbol, and provide the units for the speed of electromagnetic radiation (light)

c = λ × υ c = 3.00 × 108 m/s Light moves at a constant distance per time.

Wavelength and frequency are _____ proportional to each other. As wavelength increases, frequency will _____.

inversely decrease

Arrange the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency: infrared, microwave, gamma, visible.

microwave < infrared < visible < gamma

The energy levels of the hydrogen atom depend on the value of which quantum number(s)?

n

The principal quantum number is given the symbol_____and has positive, whole-number values starting from______

n 1

Which of the following statements correctly describe the principal quantum number, n?

n can have any positive whole-number value. The lower the value of n, the greater the probability that the electron is closer to the nucleus.

A region of zero electron density in an orbital is called a(n)

node

When describing orbitals, a node____

occurs when ψ2 is equal to zero is a region of zero electron density

The magnetic quantum number has the symbol ml, and this value indicates the_____of an orbital in space. The ml value is dictated by the value of___

orientation l

The speed of light is the ______ of its frequency and wavelength. In a vacuum, this value is a constant, ______.

product 3.00 × 108 m/s

Energy is not continuous, but is quantized or divided into "packets," each of which contains a definite amount of energy. An energy packet is called a(n) _____, and the energy of each packet is directly proportional to its _____.

quantum frequency

An orbital with l = 0 is called a(n)____type orbital and has a(n)_____shape. There is always a total of____orbital(s) of this type for each principal energy level.

s; spherical; 1

All waves in the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the same _____ through a vacuum, but differ in their frequency and wavelength. A wave with a long (large) wavelength will have a _____ frequency.

speed low

The frequencies and wavelengths of visible light are perceived as different colors. The visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from higher frequency/shorter wavelength ______ to lower frequency/longer wavelength ______.

violet red