Chapter 7 Quiz

Random error that affects a small number of participants such as distraction while completing an instrument is called: Idosyncratic Substantive Demographic Generic

A.

When respondents mark responses such that they want to portray a favorable image of themselves then the error is called: Social desirability bias Insensitive measure bias Recall or memory bias Acquiescence bias

A.

All of the following errors may occur in the satisficing approach, except: The person may select the first response option that seems reasonable without paying attention to other responses The person may simply agree with every statement The person may challenge the status quo The person may choose one answer for the first item and then use this response for all the remaining items

C.

All of these are strategies that help in reducing measurement errors in observations, except: Development of a careful protocol for observation Observing larger samples of behavior Using same observer to avoid halo effect Thorough and same training of all observers

C.

Sometimes errors may result due to selection of items that have been chosen from the pool of potential items and this is called: Sampling error Expectation bias Response sampling error Selection bias

C.

The type of error in measurement that occurs due to a systematic mechanism of either increasing or decreasing the true score is called: Generic error Idiosyncratic error Bias Mechanical error

C.

Tiredness on part of the participant is an example of the following type of measurement error: Situational or environmental factors Response set biases Intrapersonal errors Errors due to sampling of response

C.

Unclear direction on the instrument is an example of the following type of measurement error: Situational or environmental factors Administrative differences Instrument related factors Response set biases

C.

All of the following are examples of situational or environmental factors that contribute to measurement error, except: Temperature of the room Different instructions by different administrators Outside or inside noise in the room Time of the day when the instrument is being administered

B.

All of the following are strategies that help in reducing measurement errors in self-report instruments, except: Optimum level of instructions Placing demographic items at the beginning Appealing invitation to participate that highlights benefits to the person Placing sensitive items at about half way in the instrument

B.

Identify which of the following statements is true or false: Statement A: The tendency by the respondents to respond to test items with deviant responses is known as social desirability bias. Statement B: Error where the respondent may portray himself or herself as bad is called faking bad bias. Statement A is true and Statement B is false Statement A is false and Statement B is true Both statements are true Both are false

B.

When the ratings made on individual aspects of a person's performance or behavior are influenced by the respondent's overall impression of the person it is called: Social desirability bias Halo effect Observer reactivity Rating bias

B.

When the respondent just puts in a good enough effort such as when completing a questionnaire for a researcher in which there is no tangible benefit to him or her it is called: Halo effect Satisficing approach Optimizing approach none of the above

B.

All of the following are examples of measurement errors due to intrapersonal factors, except: Fatigue or tiredness Halo effect Anxiety Satisficing approach

A.

All of the following are examples of administration differences that contribute to measurement error, except: Different instructions by different administrators In a structured interview if the interviewer changes one or more words for any reason In observation of behavior or other phenomenon if the observer changes their coding category Observer reactivity

D.

All of the following are examples of instrument-related factors that contribute to measurement error, except: Insensitive measure bias Recall or memory bias Poor calibration Different instructions by different administrators

D.

All of these are strategies that help in reducing measurement errors in interviews, except: Carefully worded questions that have been pilot tested Thorough training of all the interviewers Having interviewers practice delivery of the questions Development of a concise protocol for the interview

D.

Error in measurement that occurs due to chance is called: Non error Bias Systematic error Random error

D.

Identify which of the following statements is true or false: Statement A: Systematic error lowers reliability and does not affect the mean but only the variability around the mean. Statement B: Random error lowers validity and affects the mean. Statement A is true and Statement B is false Statement A is false and Statement B is true Both statements are true Both statements are false

D.

In instruments requiring observation when the observer may tend to observe things in favor of the treatment group it is called: Selection bias Measurement bias Hawthorne effect Expectation bias

D.

In responding to an instrument some people tend to agree with all statements irrespective of their content and this is known as: Social desirability bias Insensitive measure bias Recall or memory bias Acquiescence bias

D.

Random error that affects a substantial number of people is called: Idiosyncratic Substantive Demographic Generic

D.

There are some individuals who only endorse middle range and this bias is called: end-aversion bias central tendency bias middle range bias all of the above

D.