Chapter 7 Quiz

Researchers have found that self-regulatory learners also often have which of the following traits? a. Are high achieving b. Prefer a lot of guidance and feedback c. Are dishonest d. Have difficulty cooperating with peers

a. Are high achieving

Which of the following researchers is considered the primary architect of operant conditioning? a. B. F. Skinner b. David Premack c. E. L. Thorndike d. Ivan Pavlov

a. B. F. Skinner

What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced after a set number of responses? a. Fixed-ratio b. Variable-interval c. Fixed-interval d. Variable-ratio

a. Fixed-ratio

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's office. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's office, Sully gets tense and anxious. Sully then does not go to see the dentist for several years. On his next visit, Sully employs a method based on classical conditioning that reduces anxiety by getting himself to associate relaxation with going to the dentist. This is an example of which of the following? a. Systematic desensitization b. Extinction c. Discriminative learning d. Higher-order conditioning

a. Systematic desensitization

A behaviorist's research would most likely address which of the following questions? a. Under what conditions are children likely to share toys with others? b. How do children feel when other children treat them nicely? c. Why do children get angry when teachers criticize them? d. What motivates certain children to hit other children?

a. Under what conditions are children likely to share toys with others?

Which of the following statements best describes an important conclusion that arose from the Bobo doll study? a. Children learn to display aggressive behavior only when they, themselves, are rewarded for doing it. b. Children learn to display aggressive behavior when they observe that other people are rewarded for doing it, and when others encounter no consequences at all. c. Children learn to display aggressive behavior only when they observe that other people are rewarded for doing it. d. Children avoid aggressive behavior whenever possible.

b. Children learn to display aggressive behavior when they observe that other people are rewarded for doing it, and when others encounter no consequences at all.

When a child is first learning a new behavior, which of the following strategies helps the child learn the new behavior most quickly? a. Variable-interval reinforcement b. Continuous reinforcement c. Fixed-schedule reinforcement d. Fixed-interval reinforcement

b. Continuous reinforcement

According to the textbook, of the following strategies for decreasing undesirable behaviors, which strategy should be tried last? a. Terminate positive reinforcement (extinction) b. Present aversive stimuli (punishment) c. Remove desirable stimuli d. Use differential reinforcement

b. Present aversive stimuli (punishment)

In classical conditioning, a generalization occurs when a. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed. b. it involves the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original stimulus to elicit a similar response. c. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases. d. a decrease occurs in the frequency of an undesired response.

b. it involves the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original stimulus to elicit a similar response.

Which of the following statements best describes shaping? a. It is a cue, given just before a desired response, to increase the likelihood of the desired response. b. It is a cue, given just before a desired response, to increase the likelihood of the desired response. c. It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior. d. It is a form of punishment, intended to decrease an undesired response.

c. It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior.

Under which of the following conditions, if any, is physical punishment of students recommended? a. When a student physically harms another student b. When a student repeatedly misbehaves and no other form of punishment has been successful c. It is not recommended in any circumstance. d. When a student physically harms or threatens a teacher

c. It is not recommended in any circumstance.

Alex loses his best friend, Tyler, when he tattles on Tyler at recess. Alex learns that tattling on friends is not a good idea. The loss of Tyler's friendship is an example of which of the following? a. None of these b. Positive reinforcer c. Punishment d. Classical conditioning

c. Punishment

Time-out is best described as an example of which of the following? a. Punishment b. Negative reinforcement c. Removal of desired stimuli d. Positive reinforcement

c. Removal of desired stimuli

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes is which of the following? a. Self-esteem b. Self-reinforcement c. Self-efficacy d. Self-regulation

c. Self-efficacy

Mr. Rojas says, "What great behavior Daniel is showing; he is standing quietly in line the way he is supposed to be." Soon, all of the third graders in Mr. Rojas's class are standing in line quietly like Daniel. In this example,what has happened to the class? a. The class received negative reinforcement. b. The class received intermittent reinforcement. c. They are imitating Daniel because his behavior was reinforced. d. The class received direct reinforcement.

c. They are imitating Daniel because his behavior was reinforced.

Verbal reprimands are most effective under which of the following conditions? a. When the teacher shouts to get the student's attention, embarrassing the student in front of the class b. When the teacher elaborates in great detail, explaining why the student should stop doing the undesirable behavior c. When the teacher makes eye contact with the student and speaks in a regular tone d. When the teacher reprimands the student several hours after the student has engaged in the undesirable behavior

c. When the teacher makes eye contact with the student and speaks in a regular tone

Punishment results in a. the same response being given to similar stimuli. b. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed. c. a decrease in the frequency of an undesired response. d. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases.

c. a decrease in the frequency of an undesired response.

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a. the same response is given to similar stimuli. b. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed. c. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases. d. the stimulus decreases the frequency of an undesired response.

c. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts negative reinforcement? a. A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student stops trying to answer questions. b. A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student begins to pay attention and starts answering questions correctly. c. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions. d. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher stops criticizing the student for not paying attention. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.

d. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher stops criticizing the student for not paying attention. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.

According to a recent study, what are some of the benefits to children from watching the television show Sesame Street? a. Prosocial behaviors b. Less stereotyping c. Conflict resolution skills d. All of these

d. All of these

What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced only after a given period of time has elapsed? a. Variable-ratio b. Fixed-ratio c. Variable-interval d. Fixed-interval

d. Fixed-interval

Of the following questions, which is best addressed by the approach of social cognitive learning? a. Why do some children prefer multiple-choice exams while others prefer essays? b. How does reflection and motivation lead to new knowledge and understanding? c. How do children process information through attention and memory? d. How do behavior and environment interact to influence learning?

d. How do behavior and environment interact to influence learning?

Under which of the following conditions is time-out the most appropriate strategy in reducing undesirable behavior? a. Jay frequently answers questions incorrectly when the teacher calls on him. b. Maria frequently forgets to complete her homework. c. Marcus frequently falls asleep during class. d. Julie frequently talks with her classmates while the teacher is trying to talk.

d. Julie frequently talks with her classmates while the teacher is trying to talk.

The uses of applied behavior analysis are especially important in doing all of the following except which one? a. Using prompts and shaping behavior b. Decreasing undesirable behavior c. Increasing desirable behavior d. Modifying involuntary responses

d. Modifying involuntary responses

In the middle of a difficult exam, Sam tells his teacher that his stomach hurts,and the teacher immediately sends him to the school nurse, who lets Sam lie down and take a nap. Sam's teacher takes notice that on several later occasions when Sam has a difficult test or assignment, Sam again tells the teacher that he doesn't feel well. Each time the teacher sends him to the school nurse without completing his work, and without being penalized. Sam is being: a. negatively reinforced. b. subjected to observational learning. c. punished. d. positively reinforced.

d. positively reinforced.