Chapter 7 Review (Biology)

Flagella

A flagellum is a whip-like structure that allows a cell to move. They are found in all three domains of the living world: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota.

Active Transport

Active Transport requires energy and goes from low concentration to high concentrations

Cell Membrane

All cells contain cell membranes, which almost always are made up of a double-layered sheet called a lipid bilayer. The lipid bilayer gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell.

The Cell Theory

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Animal Cells

Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Since animal cells only have a cell membrane, they tend to have a circular, rounded shape.

Bacteria Cell

Bacteria are prokaryotes, lacking well-defined nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, and with chromosomes composed of a single closed DNA circle. They come in many shapes and sizes, from minute spheres, cylinders and spiral threads, to flagellated rods, and filamentous chains.

Endocytosis Transport

Cell eating

Phagocytosis Transport

Cell eating

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are the biological equivalents of solar power plants. Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Two membranes surround chloroplasts. Inside the organelle are large stacks of other membranes, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll

Cilia

Cilia are slender, microscopic, hair-like structures or organelles that extend from the surface of nearly all mammalian cells

Facilitated Diffusion

Does not require energy and uses transport proteins. An example of facilitated diffusion is water passing through the cell membrane

Where are proteins made?

Endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes (rough ER)

The difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell

Eukaryotes: enclose their DNA in nuclei Prokaryotes: don't enclose DNA in nuclei

Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic cells are given their shape and internal organization by a network of protein filaments known as the cytoskeleton. Certain parts of the cytoskeleton also help transport materials between different parts of the cell, much like the conveyor belts that carry materials from one part of a factory to another. Cytoskeletal components may also be involved in moving the entire cell as in cell flagella and cilia. The cytoskeleton helps the cell maintain its shape and is also involved in movement

Lysosomes

Even the neatest, cleanest factory needs a cleanup crew, and that's where lysosomes come in. Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes. Lysosomes break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. They are also involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.

Rough ER

It is given this name because of the ribosomes found on its surface. Newly made proteins leave these ribosomes and are inserted into the rough ER, where they may be chemically modified. Proteins made on the rough ER include those that will be released, or secreted, from the cell as well as many membrane proteins and proteins destined for lysosomes and other specialized locations within the cell. Rough ER is abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export

Cell Wall

Many cells, including most prokaryotes, also produce a strong supporting layer around the membrane known as a cell wall. Many organisms have cell walls in addition to cell membranes. The main function of the cell wall is to support, shape, and protect the cell. Most prokaryotes and many eukaryotes have cell walls. Animal cells do not have cell walls. Cell walls lie outside the cell membrane. Most cell walls are porous enough to allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and certain other substances to pass through easily. Cell walls provide much of the strength needed for plants to stand against the force of gravity. In trees and other large plants, nearly all of the tissue we call wood is made up of cell walls.The cellulose fiber used for paper as well as the lumber used for building comes from these walls.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are the power plants of the cell. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

Pinocytosis Transport

Most common form of endocytosis

Molecular Transport

Movement of smaller molecules. An example is a sodium-potassium and pump

Passive Transport

Passive Transport does not require energy and goes from high concentration to low concentration

Plant Cells

Plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, and plastids such as chloroplasts. The cell wall is a rigid layer that is found outside the cell membrane and surrounds the cell, providing structural support and protection. They have a rigid shape due to the cell wall.

Ribosomes

Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells. Ribosomes produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from DNA. Each ribosome, in its own way, is like a small machine in a factory, turning out proteins on orders that come from its DNA "boss." Cells that are especially active in protein synthesis often contain large numbers of ribosomes

Simple Diffusion

Requires no energy and goes from high to low concentration. An example of simple diffusion is: oxygen goes into your cells and carbon dioxide comes out.

Central Vacuole

The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold materials and wastes

Bulk Transport

The movement of big molecules

Nucleolus

The nucleolus is where the assembly of ribosomes begins. The small, dense region in the nucleus is know as the nucleolus.

Nucleus

The nucleus is a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cell's activities.

Bacteria

The organisms we call bacteria are prokaryotes.

Smooth ER

The other portion of the ER is known as smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) because ribosomes are not found on its surface. In many cells, the smooth ER contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, including the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs. Liver cells, which play a key role in detoxifying drugs, often contain large amounts of smooth ER

Vacuole

Vacuoles store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Isotonic

Water enters and leaves at the same rate and the cell in a normal shape

Hypotonic

Water enters and the cell swells up

Hypertonic

Water leaves and the cells shrivels up

Golgi Apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum