Chapter 7 Sapling

Role of ADP, ATP and phosphate groups in cellular respiration.

ATP is composed of ribose, adenine and three phosphate groups. During cellular respiration, a phosphate group is added to ADP to form ATP.

What happens during an oxidation-reduction reaction between two molecules?

An atom in the oxidized molecule donates an electron as an atom in the reduced molecule attracts the electron.

How is ATP formed?

By the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, which has two phosphate groups.

Differences and similarities between lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation.

Ethanol fermentation is used by yeast cells and generates ethanol where as lactic acid fermentation is used by animal cells and produces lactic acid (lactate). They both however are considered to be an anaerobic process and both generate NAD + that can be used in glycolysis.

State the order of cellular respiration

Glycolysis Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain

Which steps of cellular respiration generate NADH or FADH2 as products?

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, aceytl CoA production

The mitochondrion

Has an interior membrane with deep folds where ATP synthesis occurs; contains unique DNA that is different from the cell's nuclear DNA.

Glycolysis is a step in the breakdown of glucose. Which of the following statements describes glycolysis? I. It is common to aerobic and anaerobic respiration II. It occurs in the mitochondria III. It breaks down glucose to pyruvate molecules IV. It occurs only when an animal is breathing

I & III

Identify where each of the events occur within a eukaryotic cell. I. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA II. Electron transport chain III. Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate IV. Citric acid cycle

I. mitochondrial matrix II. mitochondrial membrane III. cytosol IV. mitochondrial matrix

Below are compounds that enter the electron transport chain. State the corresponding compounds that are produced by the electron transport chain for each of these compounds. NADH FADH2 O2 ADP

NAD+ FAD H2O ATP

Which steps of cellular respiration receive molecules NADH and FADH2 as inputs?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Although the path of one glucose molecule through glycolysis generates a total of four ATP molecules, there is a net gain of only two ATP for each glucose molecule that enters the pathway. Why does the passage of one glucose molecule through glycolysis have a payoff of only two ATP molecules?

Two ATP molecules are used in the initial phase of glycolysis, reducing the net gain to two ATP.

What is the proton gradient in cellular respiration?

a higher concentration of protons on one side of a membrane than the other

A proton gradient is formed in the mitochondria such that the concentration of protons (H+) is higher on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane than on the other side. What is the purpose of this proton gradient?

generates ATP in the electron transport chain

State the simplified equation for cellular respiration.

glucose + oxygen --> co2 + h20

Four steps of cellular respiration

glycolysis, acetyl CoA production, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Cellular respiration consumes glucose during glycolysis. What product of glycolysis can be subsequently modified to enter the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions?

pyruvate

Define cellular respiration.

series of reactions that convert the energy stored in nutrients to cellular energy in the form of ATP.