chapter 7 smart book

Sensory memory is the ______ and shortest stage of the three stages of memory.

first

Permastore memory stays with someone roughly

forever.

Which of the following are true of motivated forgetting?

-A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful. -It is a consequence of an emotional trauma.

Which of the following is an example of a flashbulb memory?

-Recalling specific details about a severe car accident you were involved in as a child -Recalling the images of planes crashing into the Twin Towers on 9-11 -Recalling the time when you got your first kiss from "someone special"

What are recommended tips for dealing with course notes for studying? (Choose every correct answer.)

-Rework the notes and related material to give them a memorable structure. -Organize the notes according to an outline or similar hierarchy. -Arrange the notes to fit memory schemas you are already familiar with.

Short-term memory is usually only retained for as long as ______ seconds.

30

Which of the following best illustrates encoding?

Ari is watching a movie for the first time and is taking in all of the new information.

Your recollections of experiences with your childhood best friend uses ______ memory.

Autobiographical

Which of the following best illustrates the serial position effect?

David can remember the first couple of people and the last couple of people eliminated on his favorite reality show.

At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?

Deepest level

When _______ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

Elaboration

_______ memory is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happening

Episodic

Which is not an important process in memory?

Experience

_____ occur when people remember something that never actually occurred.

False memories

Which statement best describes the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

Feeling confident about knowing something, yet not being able to get it out of memory

What theorist was a pioneer in the research on forgetting during the late 1800s?

Hermann Ebbinghaus

______ concluded that most forgetting takes place soon after we learn something.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

_______ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

Interference

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply.)

It can store information longer than sensory memory. It is a limited-capacity memory system.

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply.)

It is a limited-capacity memory system. It can store information longer than sensory memory.

Which of the following statements regarding sensory memory are true? (Choose every correct answer.)

It lasts for only an instant. It is rich and detailed.

Which of the following best illustrates divided attention?

Lloyd is getting dressed for work while simultaneously talking on the phone with his credit card company.

Which of the following is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information?

Long-term

In which theory are memories neither abstract concepts nor large knowledge structures, but are more like electrical impulses?

Parallel distributed processing

Which of the following represents the portion of original learning that appears destined to be with a person virtually forever, even without rehearsal?

Permastore

An implicit memory for skills is known as _____ memory.

Procedural

________ memory is a type of explicit memory that includes your areas of expertise, general academic knowledge, and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words and common things.

Semantic

Which of the following statements describes explicit memory?

The conscious recollection of specific facts about an event or situation

Which of the following statements describes implicit memory?

The unconscious recollection of how to do something

True or false: Proactive interference occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.

True

The serial position effect is the tendency to recall items ______ of a list more readily than other places.

at the beginning and at the end

The serial position effect is the tendency to recall items ______ of a list more readily than other places. Multiple choice question. only at the end

at the beginning and at the end

Life time periods, general events, and event-specific knowledge are all levels of ______ memory.

autobiographical

According to ______ theory, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates.

decay

According to theory, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates.

decay

Another word for explicit memory is memory.

declarative

At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?

deepest level

If you are watching television while doing your homework you are engaging in

divided attention

The ______-_______ hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored both as image codes and verbal codes.

dual code

The _______-_______ hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored both as image codes and verbal codes.

dual code

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then, she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of

elaboration

When ______ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

Flashbulb memory is the memory of ______ events.

emotionally significant

The first step in memory is

encoding

Autobiographical memory is called ______ memory.

episodic

One day, you were talking to your friend about how you celebrated birthdays when you were younger. You tell your friend about different birthday cakes and the time you had a party at the park. Reminiscing about old times triggers ______ memory, a division of long-term memory.

episodic

Identify each item as related to either explicit memory or implicit memory.

explicit memory- Also known as declarative memory, Episodic memory, Semantic memory implicit memory-Also known as nondeclarative memory, Procedural memory

Which of the following is NOT an example of an experience that could cause motivated forgetting?

failing a quiz

True or false: Karl Lashley's work indicated that memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

false

_______ memories occur when people remember something that never actually occurred.

false

True or false: Karl Lashley's work indicated that memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

false (No, there is not one location where memories are stored. Memory is not like a file cabinet.)

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001 which were emotionally significant to you. This is an example of what researchers call a(n) ______ memory.

flashbulb

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001 which were emotionally significant to you. This is an example of what researchers call a(n) _________ memory.

flashbulb

Recalling specific information about events such as the September 11th attacks on the United States is an example of

flashbulb memory

Memories of how to ride a bike would be stored in memory, a division of long-term memory.

implicit, procedural, or nondeclarative

People sometimes forget something because other information gets in the way. This is explained by _____ theory.

interference

Encoding failure doesn't really represent forgetting. It occurs when information was never entered into ________-term memory.

long

The reminiscence bump is the effect that adults remember ______ from the second and third decades of life than from other decades.

more events

Which of the following describes the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden?

motivated forgetting

Another term for implicit memory is ______ memory.

nondeclarative or non-declarative

Connectionism or _______ distributed processing is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

parallel

Connectionism or __________ distributed processing is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

parallel

In which theory are memories neither abstract concepts nor large knowledge structures, but are more like electrical impulses?

parallel distributed processing

A type of explicit long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears to be with a person pretty much forever is called memory.

permastore

An implicit memory for skills is known as _____ memory.

procedural

Memories of how to ride a bike would be stored in memory, a division of long-term memory.

procedural

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can ride. This is an example of

procedural memory.

An essay test relies on the memory task called

recall

In comparison to recognition tasks, ______ tasks do not provide enough retrieval cues for the correct answer.

recall

In comparison to recognition tasks, _______ tasks do not provide enough retrieval cues for the correct answer.

recall

Storage encompasses how information is

retained over time

A recall task such as an essay exam has poor ______ cues to the correct answer.

retrieval

When you remember the name of your first-grade teacher, this is an example of

retrieval

After years of taking French, you study Spanish. When the word for "red" in Spanish is required, you correctly say "rojo." But you can't remember the French word for red. This is an example of

retroactive interference.

Mimi is enthusiastic about baking and has used her grandmother's apple pie recipe for a number of years. Lately, she has been enrolled in pastry classes where she has learned to make 6 varieties of apple pie, so when she tries to make her grandmother's recipe, she becomes confused about ingredients. This is an example of

retroactive interference.

Using a memory ______ helps us fill in gaps between our fragmented memories by organizing and interpreting information. Multiple choice question.

schema

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of ______ memory.

semantic

________ memory is a type of explicit memory that includes your areas of expertise, general academic knowledge, and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words and common things.

semantic

The sights and sounds you experience as you walk through a field on a sunny day in spring are processed in ______ mem

sensory

The sights and sounds you experience as you walk through a field on a sunny day in spring are processed in ______ memory.

sensory

Rank the levels of processing from the lowest to the greatest level of encoding.

shallow, intermediate, deep

_______ is how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory.

storage

________ is how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory.

storage

According to Paivio's dual code hypothesis

the image code produces better memory. memory for pictures is better than memory for words.

Encoding is

the initial step of getting information into memory storage.

`Psychologists describe memory as

the retention of information or experience over time

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that

there is not one memory center in the brain.

There are _____ levels of autobiographical memory.

three

True or false: Schemas help you organize information and incorporate new information into existing experiences. True false question.

true

Encoding failure occurs when the information

was never entered into long-term memory

Memory retrieval takes place

when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage.

Which of the following describes the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden?

Motivated forgetting

_____ interference occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.

Proactive

Another word for explicit memory is _________ memory.

declarative