Chapter 7 Study Guide
The unified cell theory states that: all living things are composed of one or more ____________; the cell is the basic unit of ________; and new cells arise from _____________ cells.
cells, life, existing
The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are ___________, tissues, ______________, and organ systems.
cells, organs
__________________ are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division and are not found in plant cells.
centrioles
Plant cells contain an organelle that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
chloroplast
This organelle is the granular material in the nucleus and consists of DNA bound to protein.
chromatin
During cell division, chromatin condenses to form ______________________, which are threadlike structures containing genetic material.
chromosomes
The mitotic spindle helps separate _____________________.
chromosomes
When a cell divides, chromatin condenses to form ________________________.
chromosomes
Microtubules also help to build projections from the cell surface, which are known as ______ and ______________.
cilia, flagella
The singular form of cilia is ____________.
cilium
The ____________________ of a solution is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume.
concentration
In a eukaryote, the material between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the _______________.
cytoplasm
Which organelle is the portion of the cell outside of the nucleus?
cytoplasm
Small cross-bridges between the microtubules in these organelles use chemical energy to generate force, allowing cells to produce controlled movements using the ________________________.
cytoskeleton
The _____________ is the supporting structure for eukaryotic cells.
cytoskeleton
Molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. This process is called ________________.
diffusion
What is the process called when particles move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated?
diffusion
_____________________ is the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane.
endocytosis
Eukaryotic cells also contain an internal membrane system known as the __________________ ___________________.
endoplasmic reticulum
This organelle is the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.
endoplasmic reticulum
When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached ______________________.
equilibrium
Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are _________________.
eukaryotes
______________ are cells that contain nuclei.
eukaryotes
During ___________________, the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
exocytosis
During ___________ _________, molecules, such as glucose, that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane's lipid bilayer on their own move through protein channels instead.
facilitated diffusion
Large molecules, such as glucose, that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the membrane with a concentration gradient by _____________________ ________________.
facilitated diffusion
All living things that are not bacteria are eukaryotes. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
Cell surface marker proteins face the inside of the cell.
false
Most functions of a prokaryotic cell are controlled by the cell's nucleus. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
Resolution is a microscope's power to increase an object's apparent size. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
The cell membrane contains DNA. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
The cells of animals are prokaryotic. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
The light microscope uses a beam of electrons to magnify a specimen. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
The non-polar tails of a phospholipid are attracted to water. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
The scanning tunneling microscope can be used to view living specimens. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
Using a 10x ocular lens with a 10x objective lens, an object will be magnified 20x its actual size. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
The singular form of flagella is _____________.
flagellum
Enzymes in the ____________________ attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins.
golgi apparatus
The proteins produced in the rough ER move next into an organelle called the _____________ __________________.
golgi apparatus
The _____________ ___________________ was discovered by the Italian scientist called _______________ ___________.
golgi apparatus, Camillo Golgi
Diffusion is a form of transport where particles move from an area with ________ concentration to an area with _________ concentration.
high, low
Cells placed in an isotonic solution neither gain nor lose water. In a ______________ solution, animal cells shrink and plant cell vacuoles collapse.
hypertonic
The more concentrated solution is _________________.
hypertonic
The lower concentration solution is ________________.
hypotonic
If the cell membrane became impermeable then it cannot let anything ____ or ______.
in, out
When the concentrations of two solutions will be on the same on both sides of the membrane, the two solutions will be _______________.
isotonic
The composition of nearly all cell membranes is a double-layered sheet called a ___________ ________________.
lipid bilayer
Organelles are also called "_________ ____________".
little organs
______________ cells, which play a key role in detoxifying drugs often contain ___________ amounts of smooth ER.
liver, large
The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through the ___________________.
lysosomes
This organelle is filled with enzymes and digest/breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cells.
lysosomes
_________________ are threadlike structures made up of proteins known as actin.
microfilaments
____________________ are hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins.
microtubles
_________________ are important in cell division, where they form a structure known as the ___________ spindle.
microtubules, mitotic
_________________ are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
mitochondria
The cytoskeleton is also involved with _________________.
movement
Because diffusion depends upon random particle ________________, substances diffuse across _______________ without requiring the cell to use ___________________.
movements, membranes, energy
This organelle is composed of two membranes surrounding the nucleus.
nuclear envelope
The nuclear envelope is dotted with thousands of _________ _______, which allow material to move into and out of the ___________.
nuclear pores, nucleus
Most nuclei also contain a small, dense region known as the ____________.
nucleolus
This organelle contains nearly all of the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.
nucleus
Which organelle is a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA and controls the cell's activities?
nucleus
Eukaryotes contain specialized structures that perform important cellular functions. These structures are called __________________.
organelles
____________________ is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
osmosis
Osmosis and diffusion is ______________ transport.
passive
In __________________, extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole, then the cell engulfs it.
phagocytosis
___________ means "cell eating".
phagocytosis
Tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell is called ___________________.
pinocytosis
The vacuole is usually larger in _____________ cells.
plant
What is another name of cell membrane?
plasma membrane
Bacteria are _________________.
prokaryotes
__________________ are cells that do not contain nuclei.
prokaryotes
The cytoskeleton is a network of ____________ filaments that help the cell to maintain its ____________.
protein, shape
___________ are assembled on ribosomes.
proteins
The nucleolus is where the assembly of ___________ begins.
ribosomes
Unlike smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum has ______________________ attached to it.
ribosomes
The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ________________ on its surface. Newly made _____________ leave them and are inserted into the rough ER, where they may be chemically modified.
ribosomes, proteins
Isotonic means "_________ strength".
same
Microtubules play critical roles in maintaining cell ___________.
shape
The other portion of the ER is known as the _________ _________________ ______________ because ribosomes are not found on the surface.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The ___________-____________ _________ is found in our cellular membranes, where it is in charge of generating a gradient of ions
sodium-potassium pump
The cells in a multicellular organism have specific jobs, This is called cell ____________________________.
specialization
The cytoskeleton __________________ and __________ the cell.
supports, moves
Cell walls provide plant cells that contact fresh water by allowing the cell to ___________ with more water.
swell
Cilia and flagella enable cells to _________ rapidly through liquds.
swim
A phospholipid is a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Based on cell theory, cells can reproduce into other cells. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
DNA stores information that directs the activities of a cell. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
If a cell were treated with a chemical that inhibits active transport, the cell will not be able to move certain material. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Light microscopes have a lower magnifying power than electron microscopes do, but light microscopes can be used to view living organisms. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Microfilaments form extensive networks in some cells and produce a touch, flexible framework that supports the cell. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Most cell membranes contain protein molecules that are embedded into the lipid bilayer. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Nearly all of the mitochondria in your cells were inherited from your mother. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Proteins in the cell membrane may serve as channels, receptors, or markers. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Receptor proteins bind to signal molecules outside the cell. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Robert Hooke observed cork cells under a microscope. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
The microfilament assembly and disassembly is responsible of the cytoplasmic movements that allow cells, such as amoebas, to crawl along the surfaces. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Vacuoles store materials, such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
Some kind of cells contain saclike structures called ____________.
vacuoles
Does active transport require energy?
yes
Prokaryotic cells have ____________ that is not contained in a nucleus.
DNA
Ribosomes are small particles of ________ and ________ found throughout the cytoplasm.
RNA, protein
In 1665, ___________ ___________ used an early compound microscope to look at a thin slice of __________, a plant material.
Robert Hooke, cork
_________-_______________ disease can be traced to lysosomes that fail to function properly.
Tay-Sachs
In Hooke's observations, the cells look like empty chambers which he named _________.
cells
Hypertonic means "__________ strength".
above
Endocytosis is an ___________ transport.
active
Exocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis is a type of __________ transport.
active
As powerful as diffusion is, cells sometimes must move materials in the opposite direction, against a concentration difference. __________ _________ is used to accomplish this.
active transport
In an active transport, particles go _______________ a concentration difference requires transport __________ and ______________.
against, proteins, energy
In a hypotonic solution, ____________ cells swell and burst. The vacuoles of _____________ cells swell, pushing the cell contents out against the cell wall.
animal, plant
During ______________, lyse and release enzymes break down and recycle cell parts.
apoptosis
Hypotonic means "_________ strength".
below
___________________________ molecules are attached to many of the proteins.
carbohydrate
The _______ ___________ regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.
cell membrane
What is the thin, flexible barrier around a cell?
cell membrane
Plant cells produce a strong supporting layer around the membrane known as a _______ _________.
cell wall
The main function of the _______ ___________ is to provide support and protection for the cell.
cell wall
One of the two functions of the nucleus is the control the ________. The other function is to make _________________.
cell, ribosomes
According to the cell theory, all cells come from existing ________.
cells