Chapter 7 study guide sociology

Strain theory rebels

At the far end of the continuum, they reject the cultural definitions of success and the normative means of achieving it and avocate radical alternative to the existing social order sometimes being revolutionary.

Stigma

Coined by Ervin Goffman , this describes any physical or social attribute that d values a person or group's identity, and which may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interactions.

According to the functionalist theorists defiance serves what purposes?

Defiance serves as a function in our society. according to Emily Durkheim, defiance serves a positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting social cohesion. We are reminded about our shared notions of what is right we have to address wrong doings of various sorts. People can be brought together as a community in the face of crime or other violations such as Schiavo case, an opinion poll by ABC News on March 21st and 2005 reported that 70 percent of Americans believe that Michael had the authority to make decisions on behalf of his wife in the case should have not been a federal matter

Define deviance

Deviance is a behavior, trait, or beliefs that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group . defining something as deviant requires us to examine the group norms, and how the group reacts to the behavior

Strain theory ritualists

through the conventional emotions while abandoning all hope of success or they aren't interested in the goals of the society but they do accept the means of achieving those goals.

Looking at demographics of class, age, gender and race, who commits the most crime?

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Who commit certain types of crime?

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labeling theory primary deviation

An act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant

Explain how conflict theory and socio economics explains deviance.

Deviance is a result of social conflict. in order for the powerful to maintain their power, they marginalize and criminalize the people who threaten their power. Inequality is reproduced in the way to finance is defined. in other words, they believe the rules are applied an equally and that punishments violaters are unequally distributed. those at the top are subject to different rules and sanctions than those near the bottom and the behaviour of less powerful groups and individuals are more likely to be criminalized in the behaviors of the powerful.

Give examples of deviant behavior in our society but not in other cultures.

Eating with our hands, corporal punishment, shunning, branding, bugs as you can see whether its corsets branding or shaving legs the boundaries between beauty and deviance are fluid across time and place

What is differential association theory?

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory asserts that we learn to be deviant throne erections with others who break the rules this is a theory of deviance that your mother's subscribe to you when you were a teenager don't hang out with the bad kids. differential association is a symbolic interactionist perspective developed by Edwin Sutherland states that we learn deviance from hanging out around deviant peers.

Explain Jack Katz research in his book "the seduction of the crime"

He looks at how emotionally Seductive crime can be, how shoplifting or even committing murder might produce a particular kind of rush that becomes the very reason for carrying out the act of deviance. His foreground model of deviance deepens our appreciation for the complexity of deviant behavior and reminds us that social actors are not mere products of their environment but active participants in creating meaningful experiences for themselves even if it harm others.

What is the URC? and what is included in the report?

In the United States, crime is officially measured by the Uniform Crime Report, the FBI's tabulation of every crime reported by over 17,000 law enforcement agencies in the country. The UFC is used to track the crime index, or the eight offences considered expecially reprehensible in our society such as murder rape aggravated assault robbery burgarly Arseny theft motor vehicle theft and arson. the first four are violent crimes and the last 4 or property crimes.

Strain theory retreatists

Like drop outs or hermits, they pronounce the cultures goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether or don't accept goals of the Society or the means of achieving those goals.

What is positive defiance give examples

Positive defiance is an act that is outside of the norm that may actually be heroic rather than negative such as Rosa Parks , three soldiers who put a stop to the massacre during the Vietnam War, the men of Charlie Company under the command of Lieutenant William Calley. their names were Hugh Thompson, Lawrence Colburn, Glen Andreota

Deterrence

Preventing crime by threatening harsh penalties

Rehabilitation

Reforming criminal so they may be reentered into society

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Retaliate or revenge for a crime that's been committed

Define strain theory and it's four types

Robert Merton's structural strain theory provides a bridge between functionalist and conflict theories of defiance. the theory states that there are goals in our society that people want to achieve, but they cannot always reach these goals. This creates stress or strain because people realize the goals, but do not have the means to achieve these goals. Give rewards of conformity, therefore, are available only to those who can pursue approved goals through approved means and any other combination of means and goals is deviant in one way or another.

Secondary deviation of labeling theory

The deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant such as Kristie alley

tertiary deviation of labeling theory

The rejection or transformation of the stigma of a deviant identity such as Kristie alley negotiating a contract with Jenny Craig after her cancellation of fat actress

Define crime

The violation of a norm that has been codified into law. if a behavior is considered deviant, it means that it violates the values and norms of a group, not that it is inherently wrong. However, research on deviance also includes crime. In the United States, serious crime are punished by imprisonment. In other cultures, types of punishment can include shunning banishment or corporal punishment.

Strain theory innovators

They seek financial success via unconventional such as drug dealing or embezzlement means or they accept the goals of the society, but they look for new or innovative ways of achieving those goals

What is cyberbullying?

This is the use of electronic media such as web pages social networking sites email instant messengers and cell phones, to tease harass or threaten or humiliate someone.

What is deviance Avowal and who are voluntary outsiders?

Those who choose to be called deviant belong to a particular subculture such as outlaw bikers, rock musicians, or eco-warriors. they celebrate their membership in a deviant group and are referred to by Howard Becker as outsiders - - people living in one way or another outside mainstream society. Some potential deviance may actually initiate the labeling process against themselves or others to do so, this condition Ralph Turner calls deviant avowol , such as Alcoholics Anonymous . this can also help a person to avoid the pressures of having to adopt certain conventional norms .

explain labeling theory and its 3 types

labeling theory is a symbolic interactionist perspective developed by Howard Becker. It states that deviance is caused by external judgments / labels that change a person's self concept and the way that others respond to that person. Becker suggest that labeling can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy - - - a prediction that causes itself to come true. Labeling theory proposes that deviance is not inherent by any act, belief or condition instead, it is determined by the audience.

Incapacitation

removing criminals from society by imprisoning