CHAPTER 7
Cookie
a small text file that a web server stores on your computer
Pop-up blocker
can be configured to allow pop-ups from specific sites
Bandwidth
the data transfer rate of a network, measured in kilobits per second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps), or gigabits per second (Gbps)
Plug-in
third-party program that extends the functionality of browsers (largely phased out in more recent browser versions)
the mobile revolution
The "mobile Internet" refers to access to the Internet via a cellular telephone service provider Shift to mobile access begin in 2007, started accelerating in 2010 Mobile browsers still have interoperability and usability issues
fiber optic also known as FTTH (Fiber-to-the-Home)
Uses fiber optic cables Not as widely available as Cable and DSL Typical speeds up to 500 Mbps Fastest and most reliable of the ISP services
cable
Uses same coaxial cables used to provide cable TV One potential drawback is that you share the cable, and therefore bandwidth, with your neighbors. (Not as much of an issue as it used to be.) Typical speeds from up to 500 Mbps
Digital Subcriber Line (DSL)
Uses special digital phone lines You must be within 3 miles of a service provider's facilities for fastest bandwidth Typical speeds up to 25 Mbps
dial up
Uses traditional phone lines Very slow, max speed is 56 Kbps
telecommuting
Using the Internet to work from a remote location (such as home) Can save time (commuting), gas, etc. Can be across the country or across the world... Offshoring: Employing workers in other countries... normally done to save money since foreign labor may be much cheaper
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
) - Companies that offer Internet access Dial-Up, Cable, DSL, FTTH (Fiber), Satellite
Browser toolbar
- a browser extension installed by an app that provides quick access to the app from the browser
Add-on
- created for a specific browser to add features to it
Early web browsers
1993: Mosaic First GUI-based web browser Non-commercial 1994: Netscape Navigator Based on Mosaic First commercial web-browser (not free) 1995: Microsoft Internet Explorer Free Included with MS-Windows Internet growth starts to accelerates exponentially And the browser wars commence...
growth of the internet
1993: The Internet accounted for 1% of information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks 2000: 51% 2007: 97%
Cold War 1960's
ARPA starts research on a "network" that could survive a nuclear attack Actually more of way to reliably interconnect local area networks
ARPANET
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network First message sent on October 20, 1969 between UCLA and SRI System crashed on the third letter By December 5, ARPANET had 4 "nodes" University of California Los Angeles Stanford Research Institute University of Utah University of California Santa Barbara Bandwidth: 56 kbps
The "dot.com" Bubble: 1994-2000
As Web suddenly became very popular, investors became eager to invest, at almost any valuation, in almost any "dot com" company NASDAQ stock market rose 400% between 1995-2000 Traditional metrics for valuing companies overlooked Most companies spent huge amounts on advertising and promotions in an effort to "get big fast" instead of trying to be profitable Often spent lavishly on employees (free food, release parties, etc.) March 10, 2000: NASDAQ peaks at 5,048
Wireless
Cellular service - 3G/4G/5G (5G speeds may be up to 1 Gbps) - Some smartphones can serve as a wi-fi hotspot Satellite - Usually costs more, not as reliable - Typical speeds up to 15 Mpbs Municipal wi-fi, public wi-fi hotspots
Created in 1965, so pre-dates the Internet Adapted for the ARPANET soon after its creation, becoming the first "service" 1971: Modern email created, using the @ symbol to separate mailbox (i.e. user) names from host names
Browser Settings
Default web browser (but can have multiple browsers installed) Each browser has default home page, search engine, download folder, etc., but they can all be changed
Cold War 1950's
Department of Defense created ARPA: Advanced Research Project Agency
USENet Newsgroups
Divided into different topics / anybody can post articles to a newsgroup Bulletin board systems (like forums today) No central server or dedicated system administrators
IP Addresses
Every device connected to the Internet has to have a unique IP address Series of 4 numbers (from 0-255) separated by periods Example: 172.217.11.174 Domain Name System (DNS) An Internet service that allows users to use a "friendly" domain name (such as "google.com") instead of IP addresses DNS servers all over the world Maintained by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Cybersquatting
FAANG Companies
Facebook (founded in 2004) Apple (founded in 1976) Amazon (founded in 1994) Netflix (founded in 1997) Google (founded in 1998) The "Big Tech" companies - the largest and most dominant companies in the information technology industry
MUD (multi-user dungeons) also created
First online RPG (role playing game) Allowed online players to chat with each other Text-based (no graphics like today's RPGs)
search engines
Google is (by far) the most popular search engine - 90% of all search queries Others include Bing, Yahoo!, DuckDuckGo, etc. When doing a search, you are searching against a huge database, not the actual live Web Search engine companies use software called spiders (crawlers) to crawl the web and gather information, which is then indexed The entire Web is NOT indexed
Merging the Networks
In the 1970's, research started on a set of communication protocols to "unify" ARPANET and the other networks TCP/IP (which define how packet switching works) finalized in 1978 Became possible to join almost any networks together 1974: First use of the term "internet" (short for internetworking), though this term would not be adopted as the name of the global network until the 1980's TCP/IP become the official communications standard on ARPANET and other networks on January 1, 1981 (marking the start of the "modern" Internet)
evolution of the internet
Intended to be a military network Until mid-1990's was primarily an educational network Starting in mid-1990's, became primarily a commercial network
1990s
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) become a way for home users to connect to the Internet Dial-up (slow - 56 kbps) Crucial in getting home users used to being online World Wide Web and web browsers developed Makes Internet easier to use Greatly increased popularity of Internet 1995: Final restrictions on accessing the Internet lifted
1980's The Internet Emerges
January 1, 1981: Start of "modern Internet" 1981: CSNET created to link more universities 1983: URLs as we know them today are created 1983: MILNET split from the APRANET 1983: "War Games" released, beginning of "hacker culture" in popular culture 1986: NSFNET created as a "backbone" that connected various supercomputers around the country The expanded use of NSFNET allowed the ARPANET to be decommissioned in 1990
Packet Switching
Messages divided into individual packets Each packet has a header and arbitrary data Every packet is the same size Each packet is transmitted and routed independently (using routers) No single point of failure (decentralized and more robust) Different from circuit switching (like with telephone switchboard operators) that has a single point of failure
Web Browsers
Most information on the web is in the form of web pages HTML (HyperText Markup Language) Web browsers used to display web pages (and other types of information) Microsoft Internet Explorer / Edge - Comes installed with Windows Apple Safari - Comes installed with Mac OSX Firefox - Open source successor to Netscape Navigator Google Chrome - Newest and most popular web browser Mobile browsers for smartphones, tablets
the credibility of web content
The web has lots of user-generated content, which means almost anybody can say almost anything Should not necessarily assume the content is valid
Other Networks
There were other networks (besides ARPANET) using different technologies (NPL, Merit, CYCLADES, and X.25) Needed way of communicating between them Packet switching developed in mid-1970's to address this issue
The internet vs. the web
They are NOT the same thing The Internet - the hardware; i.e. the network of interconnected computer networks The Web - one of the services (like software) available on the Internet; others are e-mail, chat, VOIP, newsgroups
google search engine queries
Typing one or more words performs an "AND" search, meaning only pages that contain every word will be included in search results Can put "-" before a word to exclude it; i.e. to not include pages that include the word Can use "OR" to find pages that include either word (not recommended) Can use quotes ("...") to find pages with an exact phrase Can use parentheses for grouping Can use operators such as "site:" (restricts searching to particular site) Many other advanced operators
URLS
Uniform Resource Locator - the address of something on the web (a web page, an image, etc.) A URL consists of several parts, including the protocol, domain name, top-level domain, and (optionally) path Example - https://www.apple.com/music/index.html https - protocol (default / most common is http) www.apple.com - domain name (second-level domain, domain, top-level domain) /music/index.html - path (optional)
The "dot com" Bubble Bursts 2000-2002
mStaring in April, 2000, NASDAQ stock market started falling By November, 2000, most Internet stocks had declined by 75% October 9, 2002: NASDAQ hits lowest level at 1,114 (down 78% from its peak) Many "dot com" companies (such as Pets.com) were liquidated Employees layoffs became common Some surviving companies (Amazon, Google, Ebay) came to dominate