Chapter 7 Test

Nationality

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.

Hispanics are clustered in the ...

Southwest They exceed one third of the population in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas They make up 1/4 of the population in California

Ethnicities in Iraq

- 55% Shiite Muslim Arabs, 21% Kurds, 19% Sunni Muslim - In Iraq Kurds have autonomy... - The US led an attack against Iraq that led to the removal of the country's president - He ran a dictatorship, created destructive weapons, and linked to terrorists - The US embroiled themselves in a violent struggle among ethnicities

Ethnicities in Syria

- 90% Arabs and 9% Kurds - The Arab population is divided among 64% Sunni Muslim, 11% Alwai Muslim, 10% Christian, 3% percent Druze, 2% other Muslim - The biggest Christian denominations are Greek orthodox and Greek catholic - A civil war has raged for years between those who and don't support the Alawi government (Alawi adhere to Shiite Islam)

Internal Migration of African Americans

- African Americans displayed 2 distinctive internal migration patterns within the US during the 20th century - Interregional: From US South to northern cities during the first half of the 20th century - Intraregional migration: from inner-city ghettos to outer-city and inner suburban neighborhoods during the 2nd half of the 20th century

Urban Ethnic Enclaves

- Clustering of ethnicities is especially pronounced at the neighborhood scale - Example: Goutte d'Or neighborhood in Paris ⅓ of residents are from former African colonies of France - In the US, African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban enclaves 90% of these ethnicities live in metropolitan areas, compared to around 75% for all Americans

South Africa: Apartheid

- Discrimination by race reached its peak in the late twentieth century in South Africa The cornerstone of the South African Policy was was the creation of the apartheid, which was a legal separation of races into different geographic areas Under apartheid, a baby was classified as being one of four government-designate races: black, white, colored (mix of white and black, or Asian The government designated 10 so-called homelands for blacks to ensure isolation The white minority government expected every black to become a citizen of one of the homelands and move there The apartheid determined where different races could live, attend, work, shop, travel, and own land Blacks were restricted to certain jobs and were paid much less The apartheid system was created by descendants of whites who arrived in South Africa from the Netherlands in 1652 (referred to as Boers) The British seized the Dutch colony in 1975 and controlled South Africa's government until 1948 The white minority government of South Africa repealed the laws in 1991 The African National Congress, was legalized, and its leader, Nelson Mandela, was released from jail When all South Africans were permitted to vote in national elections in 1994, Mandela was elected The legacy of Apartheid will linger for many years South Africa's blacks have achieved equality but they are much poorer than the whites

Dividing the Kurds - consider themselves Kurds and not Arabs (still practice Islam)

- Divided among Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran Have autonomy in Iraq - also have oil there The Kurds, who live in the Caucasus Mountains, are a prominent example of an ethnicity divided among several countries in Asia The Kurds are Sunni Muslims who speak a language in the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European They have distinct literature, dress, and cultural values Legacy of the Ottoman Empire and WW1 Tension with Turkey due to suppression of Kurdish culture, Kurdish nationalists, essential in the fight against ISIS - USA allies with them When the European allies carved up the Ottoman empire they created an independent state of Kurdistan under the treaty of Sévres The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 established the modern state of Turkey, and three years later the League of Nations determined that much of Kurdistan would be a part of Turkey Today the Kurds are split throughout Turkey, Western Iran, Northern Iraq, Syria, and Iran To foster the development of Turkish nationalism, the Turks have tried repeatedly to suppress Turkish culture. The Kurdish language was even made illegal The Kurds have been in guerilla war with Turkey since 1984. In recent years, Turkey has permitted Kurds to practice more of their traditions Iran's Kurds have made several attempts for independence After the US attacked Iraq, Iraqi Kurds have achieved more autonomy

AAs migrated out of the South along several clearly defined channels:

- East Coast: Carolinas, South Atlantic states north to Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, and other northeastern cities, along US Route-1 - East Central: Alabama and eastern Tennessee north to either Detroit or Cleveland - West Central: Mississippi and western Tennessee north to St. Louis and Chicago - Southwest: Texas west to California

Does the UK contain one nationality (British) or does it contain four nationalities-English, Scottish, Welsh, and the Irish of Northern Irelan

- English: the descendants of Germanic tribes - Welsh: Celtic people conquered by England in 1282 and formally united with England through the act of Union in 1536 - Scots: Celtic people who had an independent country for more than 700 years, until it was formally merged to England through the Act of union in 1707 - Irish: Celtic people who were ruled by England until the twentieth century, when most of the island became the independent country of Ireland International sports allow each of the four part sto have their own teams in the world cup - The government of the UK has established separate governments of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales

Ethnicities in Turkey

- Ethnic Turks comprise 3/4ths of Turkey's population - 30 million, Syria, Turkey (18%), Iraq (17%), Iran - Turks are descended from migrants to present-day Turkey 1,000 years ago - The most populous minority is the Kurds (18% of population)

1947 - India and Pakistan new and independent nations Pakistan - was East and West Pakistan

- Ethnicity and religion was the basis for separating the two - Hinduism had become (and still very much is) a great source of national unity - Gandhi's assassination in 1948 brought an end to a one state - Muslim/Hindu nation - Massive violent migration took place in 1947 The people living in Pakistan were Muslim and those in India were Hindu 1962 - China invades Kashmir 1971 - East Pakistan, 10 million refugees into Bengal, turns into Bangladesh. 1999 - Both India and Pakistan test full-scale nuclear weapons.

Ethnicities in Lebanon

- Lebanon is divided among 54% Muslims, 41% Christians, 5% Druze - Most of Lebanon's Christians are Maronites, who consider themselves Roman Catholic - Lebanon's Muslims are divided equally between Sunnis and Shiites - The Druze are sometimes classified as Muslims but they don't follow the 5 pillars - When Lebanon became independent in 1943, the constitution required that each religion be represented in the chamber of deputies - Lebanon's religious groups tend to live in different regions of the country - West-central: Maronites - Northwest: Sunnis - South and East: Shiites - Beirut, the capital and largest city has been divided between a Christian eastern zone and Muslim western zone - During a civil war, each group formed a military to protect their territory

Ethnic Diversity Asia: Ancient Phoenicians

- Lebanon: "the States respects all creeds" - 14 year civil war ended in 1989 - Still, sort of religious equality in Middle East - 54% Muslim Sunni & Shiite - 41% Christian (Maronites and some Orthodox) - And the Druze - esoteric faith - Druze 1 million people. Syria, Lebanon and Israel - Monotheistic, very spiritual, and less ritualist There is ethnic conflict in Lebanon due to the Maronites.

Interregional Migration

- Many AAs live in cities throughout the Northeast, Midwest, and West as well (today) Freed from slavery, most AAs remained in the rural South during the late 19th century, working as sharecroppers

International Migration of Ethnicities:

- Most African Americans forced - Triangular slave trade - adopted by many European countries - Until late 20th century, quota laws limited Latin Americans and Asians - 1970s saw big change

Ethnicities in Iran

- Most Iranians are Persians, believed to be descended from Indo-European tribes that migrated from Central Asia in to Iran - Persons constitute the world's largest ethnicity to adhering to Shiite Islam - Azeri and Baluchi are also important ethnicities - Relationships between Iran and the US have been poor since 1979, when a revolution brought power fundamentalist shiites and held 52 Americans hostage

The hatred between them was so strong that Britain decided to separate them...

- Muslims long fought with Hindus for control of territory, especially in South Asia - After the British took over India in the 1800s, a three way struggle between the British, Muslims, and Hindu broke out - Mahatma Gandhi was a Hindu advocate of nonviolence - The partition of South Asia into two states did not precisely coincide with the territory inhabited by the 2 ethnicities 6 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan 1 million moved from India to East Pakistan

States foster nationalism by promoting symbols of the country, such as flags and song

- Nationalism is an important example of CENTRIPETAL force, an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state - Most countries find that the best way to achieve citizen support is to emphasize shared attitudes that unify people

In Canada, the distinctinction is less clear and controversial between ethnicity and nationality:

- Quebecois are clearly distinct from other Canadians in cultural traditions, especially language - But do the Quebecois form a distinct ethnicity with the Canadian nationality or a second French-speaking nationality? - The distinction is critical because if Quebecois is recognized as a separate nationality from English speaking Canada, the Quebec government would have much stronger justification for breaking away from Canada to form an independent country

Ethnicity and Nationality in the United Kingdom

- The British isles, which comprise of 133 islands, have difficulty distinguishing between nationality and ethnicity - Two Islands-Ireland and Great Britain comprise 96% of the land area and contain 99% of the population - Sorting out the islands in to nationalities has become controversial - The republic of Ireland comprises the southern 84% of the island of Ireland (Eire) - The UK comprises Great Britain and the northern 16% of Ireland - The UK is divided into four parts: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales - The nationality of the citizens of the Republic of Ireland is clearly Irish. However, the nationality of the citizens of the UK is disputed

Ethnicities in Pakistan

- The Punjabi have been the biggest ethnicity in Pakistan since ancient times - The mountainous region between Pakistan and Afghanistan is Bauchi and Pashtun - As with neighboring Pashtun, the Punjabi converted to Islam in the 17th century - The Punjabi remained Sunni Muslims rather than convert like the Pashtun

Changing Urban Ethnic Enclaves

- The areas occupied by ethnicities have changed over time - As recently as the middle of the 20th century, large U.S. cities still had ethnic enclaves established by European immigrants - By the late 20th century, most of the children and grandchildren of European immigrants had moved out of the inner-city enclaves to suburbs, in some cases forming ethnoburbs

Ethnicities in Afghanistan

- The most numerous ethnicities are Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazura - The current unrest of Afghanistan goes back to 1979 with the start of a rebellion by several ethnic groups against the government - A Pashtun faction called the Taliban gained control in 1995 - They imposed harsh laws according to Islamic values - The US invaded Afghanistan in 2001 and overthrew the Taliban government - Removal of the Taliban triggered a struggle for control of Afghanistan among the country's many ethnicities

Segregation by Race

- United States: "Separate But Equal" - This concept was upheld by the US Supreme Court in 1896 - Louisiana enacted a law that required black and white passengers to ride in separate train cars - Concept was that there was separate but equal treatment; not true - After this Supreme Court ruling, southern states enacted a comprehensive set of laws to segregate blacks from whites as much as possible - Civil Rights Acts during the 1960s outlawed racial discrimination

Seperation by Ethnicity and Race: USA

1954 Brown v. Board of Ed., landmark - overturned much of above. Boston 1974 1896 Plessy v Ferguson Jim Crow laws

Ethnic Enclaves

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area - Aka neighborhoods within large cities - Typically form through migration - Newcomers can find people who speak the same language, practice the same religion, and prepare the same foods - Ethnic enclaves offer newcomers economic support, such as employment opportunities, affordable housing, and loans

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

Epansion of the Ghetto

AAs moved from the tight ghettos into immediately adjacent neighborhoods during the 1950s and 1960s Led to "white flight"

Seperation by Ethnicity and Race: South Africa

Apartheid: legal system Began in 1948 Repealed during 1990's Discrimination and segregation is main component (based on race) Nelson Mandela elected president after getting out of jail - apartheid ends Four races with different legal status - live, work, attend Dutch colonized South Africa

Seperation by Ethnicity and Race: UK (four big nationalities / ethnicities)

English: Germanic descent Welsh: Celtic, conquered by England in 1282 Scots: Celtic, (1603 part of England). Does have its own system of educational and local laws. Irish: Celtic, Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland: Capital of Belfast Protestant Minority is Roman Catholic here. Republic of Ireland: Roman-Catholic

Ethnicity and race are often confused

Ethnicity is derived from the place on earth's surface Race relates to physiological features, such as skin color, hair type, and the shape of head

"White Flight"

Expansion of the black ghettos in American cities was made possible by "white flight" White flight = the emigration of whites from an area in anticipation of blacks immigrating into the area

Nationalism and ethnicity can both be unifying forces as well as centrifugal forces.

Explain the term nationality Explain how nationalism can be a centripetal force giving an example Identify contemporary examples and explain how ethnicity may detract the development of national identity and weaken a state.

T/F: Blockbusting is a result of white flight

False, it comes first.

The first wave of African-Americans who migrated were primarily from...

Georgia and the Carolinas.

The three most numerous US ethnicities are:

Hispanic American (17%), african-American (12%) and Asian American (5%), 2% of Americans identify their ethnicity as an American Indian, native Hawaiian, or Alaska nativ

Pakistan and India never agreed on the location of the boundary separating the countries in the Kashmir region

India's religious unrest is complicated by the 23 million Sikhs, who want their own independent country Sikhs comprise the majority of the Punjab region

South Asia: Religious and Ethnic Unrest (example of divided ethnicity)

Jammu and Kashmir - Pakistan and India never agreed upon a boundary, thus there is only a "line of control" Muslims are a majority in both areas - have fought to reunify Kashmir with Jammu Pakistan controls Jammu or northern section and India controls Kashmir the southern section Plus, tension in Punjab and the Sikhs

South Brazil was a major destination for which group during colonial times?

Portuguese peoples.

Within a country, clustering of ethnicities can occur on a regional scale and a local scale

Regional scale: ethnic groups may live in particular regions within the country Local scale: ethnic groups live in particular communities within urban areas

Which goods traveled east on the triangular trade route?

Rum

Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia

Serbia set out to "ethnically cleanse" Bosnian territory by systematically removing all Bosnian Muslims, known as Bosniaks. Serbia, together with ethnic Bosnian Serbs, attacked Bosniaks with former Yugoslavian military equipment and surrounded Sarajevo, the capital city.

African-Americans are clustered in the

Southeast Comprise one fourth of the population in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, and South Carolina More than one third in Mississippi

T/F: Afrikaans is actually a dialect of Dutch

T

Ethnic diversity in Asia

The lack of correspondence between territories occupied by nationalities and ethnicities is severe in Southwest and Central Asia

Many African Americans in the past 20 years have migrated to the north and city areas. T/F

True

The journey from Africa to the Americas was/is known as the Middle Passage. T/F

True

The largest interregional migration in US history was the movement of Black Americans to the North After the civil war. T/F

True

Interregional Migration of African Americans:

Two main waves: 1910s-1920s - Pre-WW1 and WW2 factory jobs and post WWs stimulated migration of African Americans - South to Northeast NYC (Harlem), Baltimore, Philly - South to Detroit, Cleveland - South to Chicago, St. Louis - Texas to California (San Diego and LA)

White flight was encouraged by unscrupulous real estate practices, especially blockbusting

Under blockbusting, real estate agents convinced white homeowners to sell their houses at low prices, preying on their fears that black families would soon move into the neighborhood and cause property values to decline

Asian-Americans are clustered in the

West Comprise more than 40% of population in Hawaii, one half of all Asian Americans live in California

South Asia provides vivid examples of what happens when independence comes to colonies that contain to major ethnicities

When the British ended their colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, they divided the colony into two irregularly shaped countries: India and Pakistan

Ethnic Cleansing:

a purposeful policy designed by one ethnicity or religion to remove by violent and terror inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious from certain geographic areas

Race:

identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color

Nationality:

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country

Ethnicity:

identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particulate homeland or hearth.

Redlining:

involved marking off bad-risk neighborhoods on a city map and then using the map to determine lending policy (government sponsored)

Ethnikos

national

Native Americans are clustered in the

south west and north central regions, as well as Alaska They exceed 10% of the population of Alaska, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and South Dakota

An ethnoburb is a ___________.

suburban ethnic neighborhood