Chapter 7- The Axial Skeleton, Chapter 10 - A&P, Chapter 8 anatomy

humans normally have _______ pairs of ribs

12

the vertebral column contains _________ thoracic vertebrae

12

Each hand has _____ finger bones

14

Which coxal bone is formed by the fusion of _____bones

3

the coccyx is composed of _______ vertebra(e)

3 to 5 fused

The following is a list of the events that occur during a muscle contraction. 1. Myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin. 2. The free myosin head uses ATP. 3. Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere. 5. Calcium ion binds and exposes the active site. 6. The myosin head detaches from the actin. The correct sequence of these events is

3, 5, 1, 2, 4, 6.

Degenerative changes in the skeleton generally begin around which age?

30-45

the vertebral column contains _________ lumbar vertebrae

5

The ankle, or tarsus, contains ____bones

7

most mammals have _____ cervical vertebrae

7

the vertebral column contains ________ cervical vertebrae

7

The Wrist, or carpets, contains _______ bones

8

There are _____ carpal bones located in the wrist, which form_____ rows of bones in the wrist

8;2

The area of the sarcomere containing the thick filaments is the

A band

the cytoplasm of the synaptic terminal contains mitochondria and vesicles filled with molecules of the neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine

The clavicle articulates with the scapula at the

Acromion process

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the male pelvis

Angle of pubic arch greater than 100 degrees

The bones of the forearm, or ____ , consist of the radius and ulna

Antebrachium

Which of the following is the heel bone

Calcaneus

The bones that form the rest are the

Carpals

The only fixed support for the pectoral girdle ( and is part of the pectoral girdle) is the

Clavicle

The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is where the

Clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

The _____ are S shaped bones that originate at the superior, lateral border of the manubrium of the sternum, lateral to the jugular notch

Clavicles

Which of the following is a characteristics of the male pelvis

Coccyx points anteriorly

Compared to the hand, the foot

Contains arches that help distribute body weight

Skeletal muscle are responsible for the pumping action of the heart

False

The "pinky finger" is known as metacarpal number 1

False

The fushion of the ilium, ischium and ileus form each vocal bone

False

Each of the following bones is part of the pelvic girdle, except the

Femur

The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the

Femur

What bone articulates with the coxal bone at the acetabulum?

Femur

Which bone is NOT made of fused bones

Femur

The lateral malleolus is found on the

Fibula

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their supporting bones, or

Girdles

Another name for the first toe is

Hallux

Because of a development defect, Joe is born without clavicles. As a result of this condition you would expect

Him to have a increased range of motion at the shoulder joint

Tom injures his hallux. What part of his anatomy is injured?

His foot

The area of the sarcomere that contains only thin filaments is the

I band

A hypothetical genetic disease causes the body to produce antibodies that compete with acetylcholine for receptors on the motor end plate. Patients with the disease exhibit varying degrees of muscle weakness and flaccid paralysis in the affected muscles. If you could administer a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase or a drug that blocks acetylcholine, which one would you use to alleviate these symptoms?

I would administer a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase

The false pelvis consists of the expanded bladelike portions of each _______

Ilia

Each coxal bone of the pelvic girdle consists of the following three fused bones

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Billy is injured during a high school football game. His chest is badly bruised and he is experiencing difficulty in breathing. What might the problem be?

It is possible that the injury caused a rib to pierce one of the lungs, resulting in a condition known as a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung. Billy probably also has one or more broken ribs.

How would a drug that competes with acetylcholine for receptors at the motor end plate affect skeletal muscle?

It would cause flaccid paralysis (muscles are relaxed and unable to contract).

Trace the pathway of bones that support the body weight starting at the inferior axial skeleton and ending with the ground. Do not include any bones superior to the lumbar

Lumbar spine-sacrum-femur-tibia-talus-calcaneus-ground

Which of the following is not a part of the pelvis

Lumbar vertebrae

In the anatomical position the ulna is located ___to the radius

Medial

The part of the tibia that is easily felt through the skin is and is known as the shin is the

Medial malleolus

The bones that form the palms of the hands are the

Metacarpals

The sole of the foot is supported by the

Metatarsals and tarsals

Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a neuron at a single

Neuromuscular junction

The ligament that surrounds the ______attaches to the tibial tuberosity

Patella

The space enclosed by the true pelvis is called the

Pelvic inlet

Ellen is 38 weeks pregnant and is in active labor. In your nursing assessment you should expect the fetal head to the descend from anatomical landmark

Pelvic outlet and pelvic inlet

Differences in the skeletons of males and females can be best scene in the characteristics of the

Pelvis

Bones that form the fingers are the

Phalanges

The bones of the forearm include the

Radius

Which of the following is not an age related change in the skeleton

Remodeling of the bone

The pectoral girdle contains the

Scapula

The three sides of this bone form a broad triangle

Scapula

Study of human skeleton can reveal information concerning the persons

Sex, age and nutritional status and size and handedness

A male has _____ pelvic outlet when compared to the woman's pelvic outlet

Smaller

The ___of the radius assist in this stabilization of the wrist joint

Styloid process

When standing normally, most of your weight is transmitted to the ground by the

Talus and calcaneus

How do anatomists distinguish between the false (greater) pelvis and the true (lesser) pelvis?

The false pelvis contains the blades of the ilia above the arcuate line while the true pelvis contains the inlet/outlet

The hand has 15 phalangeal bones; the foot has 14 phalangeal bones.

The first statement is false but the second statement is true

Why is it necessary for the bones of the pelvic girdle to be more massive than the bones of the pectoral girdle?

They need to be more massive because they're holding much more weight than that of the pectoral girdle. They are holding their weight as well as the weight of everything above them.

Largest bone of the lower leg is the

Tibia

The fibula articulates with the

Tibia

The medial border of the fibula is bound to the ______ by the interosseous membrane

Tibia

The medial bulge at your ankle is a projection from the

Tibia

Bone markings are more prominent on a male skeleton

True

Which of the following is NOT a lower limb bone?

Ulna

The radius articulates with the

Ulna and carpals

The condition know as "flat feet" is due to a lower than normal longitudinal arch in the foot. A problem with which of the following would most likely contribute to this condition?

Weakness in the ligaments and tendons that attach the calcaneus to the distal ends of the metatarsals

Thin filaments at either end of the sarcomere are attached to the

Z line

which of the following muscles would contract more forcefully

a muscle receiving 10-15 actions potentials per second

which of the following muscles would produce the greater tension?

a muscle with 20 motor units active

Because skeletal muscle contractions demand large quantities of ATP, skeletal muscles have

a rich blood vessel supply

The skeletal muscle complex known as the triad consists of

a transverse tubule and terminal cisternae

when calcium ion binds to troponin

active sites on the myosin are exposed

the most important factor in decreasing the intracellular concentration of calcium ion after contraction is

active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

creatine phosphate

acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue

during the recovery period the body's need for oxygen is increased because

additional oxygen is required to metabolize the lactic acid produced during exercise

a resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

aerobic respiration

decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all the following except

an increase in intracellular glycogen

all of the following are true of the sacrum, except that it...

articulates with the first pair of ribs

the first cervical vertebra is known as the...

atlas

the second cervical vertebra is known as the...

axis

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores

calcium

active sites on the actin become available for binding when

calcium

in response to action potential arriving from the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases

calcium ions

true ribs are directly connected to the sternum by...

cartilage

the inferior nasal conchae...

cause air to swirl within the nasal passageway

vertebrae of the...

coccyx are fused

sarcomere

contains thick and thin filaments

muscle tissue, one of the four primary types of tissue consists chiefly of muscle cells that are highly specialized for

contraction

increased oxygen consumption would accompany all of the following except

decreased ATP use

nerves and blood vessels that service the muscle fibers are located in the connective tissues of the

endomysium

the delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscles fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together is the

endomysium

in order for a muscle to contract properly, it requires

energy, oxygen,nutrients, an adequate supply of blood

The dense Layer of collagen fibers that surround an entire skeletal muscle is the

epimysium

Mick gets into a fight and sustains a blow to the nose. Which of the following bones might be fractured by this blow?

ethmoid bone

which of the following statements are true regarding human muscles

eye and hand muscles are mostly composed of fast fibers. back muscles are mostly composed of slow fibers

thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of...

facets for the articulation of ribs

a single thin filament contains one protein

false

large diameter, densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, and few mitochondria are characteristics of

fast fibers

when energy reserves in a muscle are exhausted and lactic acid levels increase,_____occurs

fatigue

ribs 8 to 12 are called _________ because they do not attach directly to the sternum

floating

Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers

have many nuclei

damage to the temporal bone would most likely affect the sense of...

hearing

the ligamentum nuchae...

helps to hold the head in an upright position

during muscle contraction, all of the following occur, expect

hemoglobin concentration ion muscle fibers increases

Many smooth muscle cells around internal organs lack motor neurons intervention. List four different ways that they may be stimulated to contract.

hormones, low pH,

each skeletal muscle fiber contains __ myofibrils

hundred to thousands

The appendicular skeleton consist of all of the following, except the

hyoid bone

each of the following factors would increase the probability of skeletal muscles contracting, except which

increased permeability of the muscle membrane to potassium ion

heat energy produced from muscle contraction is released through the_____system

integumentary

define a motor unit

is made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron's axonal terminals

the type of contraction in which the muscle fibers produce increased tension but do not shorten is called

isometric

how would blocking the acetylcholinesterase affect skeletal muscle

it would cause spastic paralysis (muscles are contracted unable to relax)

calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during the____of contraction

latent period and contraction phase

The bacterium that causes the disease tetanus produces a toxin that affects the central nervous system and skeletal muscles, producing powerful contractions of the skeletal muscles. The toxin probably acts by

making the cell membranes more permeable to calcium ion.

You witness two of your friends in a fight. Your friend Gregg is hit in the jaw and when looking at him, his face looks misaligned. You immediately take him to the local emergency room and you are not surprised to learn that he has a broken...

mandible

the portion of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the...

manubrium

when acetylcholine binds to receptors at the motor end plate, the muscle membrane becomes

more permeable to sodium ions

during activities requiring aerobic endurance

most of the muscles energy is produced in mitochondria

lumbar vertebrae are ______ massive and ______ mobile

most; least

Receptor for acetylcholine are located on the

motor end plate

interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for

muscle contraction

the contraction of a muscle exerts a pull on bone because

muscles are attached to bones by tendons

Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called

myoblasts

Cross-bridges are portions of

myosin molecules

the types of muscle tissue include all of the following except

neural tissue

The foramen magnum (large opening in skull for the spinal cord) would be found in the __________ bone.

occipital

Which of the following is not a part of the axial division of the skeletal system?

pectoral girdle

the increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called

recruitment

fast muscle fibers can develop extra mitochondria and hypertrophy in response to

repeated, exhaustive stimulation

after death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as

rigor mortis

The cell membrane of skeletal muscle is called

sarcolemma

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber

sarcomere

The cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the

sarcoplasm

The series of membranous channels that surround each myofibril is the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The glenohumeral joint or shoulder joint is an articulation between which two bones

scapula and humerus

the hyoid bone...

serves as a base of attachment for muscles that move the tongue

Megan wants to enter a weight-lifting competition and consults you as to what type of muscle fibers she needs to develop and how she should go about it?

she needs fast twitch fibers, she would have to perform. Activities that involve frequent, brief, but intensive workouts, such as with heavy weights to the point of muscle fatigue.

differences between skeletal muscle cells and typical cells include which

skeletal muscle cells are larger than normal cells, skeletal cells are multinucleate

the type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the___fiber

slow

which of the following is not characteristic of smooth muscle

smooth muscle connective tissue forms tendons and aponeurosis

In a car accident, Tom suffers a fracture of his maxillae. As a consequence of this injury he loses...

some teeth

the function of the hyoid is to...

support the larynx

muscle fiber

surrounded by endomysium and contains myofibrils

skeletal muscle

surrounded by epimysium and contains muscle fascicles

muscle fascicle

surrounded by perimysium and contains muscle fibers

myofibril

surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum and consists of sarcomeres

The space between the neuron and the muscle is the

synaptic cleft

action potential are conducted into a skeletal muscle fiber by

t tubules

The zygomatic arch (cheekbone) is formed by the union of processes from which two bones?

temporal and zygomatic

the auditory ossicles are associated with the...

temporal bone

What does the TMJ in TMJ syndrome stand for? What is TMJ syndrome?

temporomandibular joint syndrome; it is a condition that causes pain in the jaw

The bundle of collagen fiber at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a

tendon

at each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together to for either a bundle know as a ___, or a broad sheet called an aponeurosis

tendon

which is greater? the concretion of calcium ion in the sarcoplasm of a resting muscle or the concentration of calcium ion in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

the concentration of calcium ion in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

as you proceed from the head down the vertebral column...

the vertebrae become larger and heavier; the size of the vertebral foramen decreases

costal processes are located on ________ vertebrae

thoracic

At rest, the tropomyosin molecule its held in place by

troponin molecules

glucose breakdown through glycolysis and mitochondrial activity provides the ATP needed to power muscular contractions

true

the type of contraction represented by a single stimulus/contraction/relaxation sequence is a

twitch

ribs that have no connection to the sternum are called

vertebral

the part of the vertebrae that transfers the weight along the axis of the vertebral column is the...

vertebral body

of the following bones, which is single, un-paired?

vomer

if a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs. this is called

wave summation

an injury caused by the displacement of the cervical vertebrae during a sudden change in body position is known as...

whiplash

while performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an unconscious person, you are careful to position your hands correctly to avoid damage to the...

xiphoid process and ribs