Chapter 7: The Nervous System
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves that carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
C
At what point do the somatic sensory axons enter the spinal cord? A. Ventral roots B. Ventral root ganglia C. Dorsal roots D. Dorsal root ganglia
C
Axons of the nervous system are described as afferent and efferent according to the direction in which they carry information. Which of the following represents an efferent projection? A. Interneurons in the spinal cord B. Sensory input to the spinal cord, Motor output of the spinal cord, Interneurons in the spinal cord C. Motor output of the spinal cord D. Sensory input to the spinal cord
ventricles
CSF is produced here and flows through a series of central vesicles at the brainstem. CSF then goes into the subarachnoid space via small apertures near the base of the cerebellum.
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment, torso
C
The brain and spinal cord are wrapped in protective membranes known collectively as the A. dura mater. B. myelin. C. meninges. D. pia mater.
B
In which plane of section would it be easiest to see the corpus callosum? A. Coronal cut at the level of the cerebellum B. Sagittal cut directly down the midline C. Horizontal cut at the level of the brainstem D. Sagittal cut at the level of the temporal lobe
A
What are the advantages of MRI over CT scan? A. Does not use X-irradiation, Yields a more detailed map of the brain, Images of brain slices can be made in any plane desired B. Yields a more detailed map of the brain C. Does not use X-irradiation D. Images of brain slices can be made in any plane desired
A
Where is CSF produced? A. Choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles B. Arachnoid villi C. Subarachnoid space D. Diencephalon
C
Which major white matter system bridges the cerebral hemispheres? A. Posterior capsule B. Dorsal columns C. Corpus callosum D. Internal capsule
A
Which membrane lies closest to the brain? A. Pia mater B. Arachnoid C. Dura mater D. Meninges
C
Which of the following mediates vital bodily functions? A. Cerebellum B. Cerebrum C. Brain stem D. Meninges
somatic nervous system
all the spinal nerves that innervate the skin, joints, and muscles under voluntary control.
afferent
carrying toward
peripheral
cranial nerves are found in the ____ nervous system
PET/fMRI
detect changes in regional blood flow and metabolism, reveals the regions of the brain that are most active under different circumstances
mid-sagittal plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves
ventral
down/belly
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
brainstem
forms the stalk from which the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum sprout, serves to relay information from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum and vice versa. Site where vital functions are regulated, such as temperature, breathing and consciousness. FATAL IF DAMAGED
CT scan
generates an image of a slice of brain and organization of white and gray matter as well as the position of the ventricles
autonomic nervous system
involuntary, such as organs, blood vessels, and glands. This also includes emotional reaction that isn't voluntary, such as butterflies in the stomach or blushing.
cerebrum
largest part of the brain, split into cerebral hemispheres.
choroid plexus
produces CSF
ipsilateral
same side
spinal cord
sends information from the skin, joints, and muscles of the body to the brain as well as vice versa.
caudal
toward the tail
dorsal
up/back
C
The left and right portions of the body are divided by the _______ plane. A. coronal B. horizontal C. sagittal D. frontal
left, right
cerebellum: Left side controls the _____ side of the body and the right side controls the ____ side of the body.
left, right
cerebrum: The right cerebral hemisphere receives sensations from and controls movement of the _____ side of the body while the left cerebral hemisphere receives sensations and controls movement of the ____ side of the body.
cerebellum
contains as many neurons as both cerebral hemispheres, movement control center with connections with the cerebrum and spinal cord.
ventral root
contains axons of motor neurons
MRI
much more detailed map of the brain, does not require X-irradiation, can be made into any slices desired, hydrogen atoms in the brain respond to perturbations of a strong magnetic field
Contralateral
opposite side
rostral
toward the nose
coronal plane
splits the brain into anterior and posterior
horizontal plane
splits the brain into dorsal and ventral parts
dorsal root
the sensory branch of each spinal nerve
meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
efferent
to carry away from
