Chapter 7; The Skeleton

As you proceed from the head down the vertebral column, the vertebrae become larger and heavier. a. True b. False

True

Damage to the temporal bone could affect the sense of hearing. a. True b. False

True

Differences in the skeleton of males and females can best be seen in the characteristics of the pelvis. a. True b. False

True

Studying human skeletons can reveal information concerning sex, age, nutritional status, and size. a. True b. False

True

The bones of the forearm are also called antebrachium. a. True b. False

True

The fibrocartilage of the intervertebral disc is called the anulus fibrosus. a. True b. False

True

The linea aspera is found on the posterior of the femur. a. True b. False

True

The sacrum is composed of five fused vertebrae. a. True b. False

True

The scapula articulates with the clavicle at the acromial end. a. True b. False

True

The vertebrae are part of the axial skeleton. a. True b. False

True

The vertebral disc is housed between the __________ of the vertebrae. a. bodies b. laminae c. intervertebral foramina d. vertebral foramina

bodies

Where is the location of the radius?

arm

Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

bones that attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton; includes the clavicle and scapula

Cranium (Cranial Bones)

bony protective encasement of the brain and organs of hearing and equilibrium

The heel bone is called the __________. a. tarsal b. cuboid c. talus d. calcaneus

calcaneus

What is the capitate?

carpal bone

What are the wrist bones?

carpals

The role of the cranium is to __________. a. secure the teeth b. anchor facial muscles c. enclose and protect the brain d. provide openings for food and air passage

enclose and protect the brain

What forms apart of the nasal septum? a. sphenoid bone b. ethmoid bone c. temporal bone d. frontal bone e. parietal bone f. occipital bone

ethmoid bone

Which of the following is the most deeply situated bone in the skull? a. ethmoid bone b. lacrimal bone c. temporal bone d. sphenoid bone

ethmoid bone

Where is the location of the mandible bone?

facial bone

The gluteal tuberosity is a bone marking found on the__________. a. patella b. tibia c. femur d. fibula

femur

What articulates with the acetabulum and the tibia?

femur

What is the C₁?

first cervical vertebra

What is the frontal bone?

forehead

The only bone of the body that does NOT articulate directly with any other bone is the __________. a. ethmoid bone b. lacrimal bone c. palatine bone d. hyoid bone

hyoid bone

The female pelvis __________. a. is tilted anteriorly (forward) compared to a male pelvis b. has a narrower pelvic inlet than a male pelvis c. has a narrower pelvic outlet than a male pelvis d. has a narrower sacrum than a male pelvis

is tilted anteriorly (forward) compared to a male pelvis

What is the patella?

kneecap

Which disorder is described by dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature, or "hunch back"?

kyphosis

What is the tibia and fibula?

leg

Which disorder is described by an accentuated lumbar curvature, or swayback?

lordosis

The vertebrae that have enhanced weight-bearing capability are the __________. a. lumbar vertebrae b. thoracic vertebrae c. vertebrae of the coccyx d. cervical vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae

The only bone of the facial skeleton that does NOT articulate with the maxillae is the __________. a. vomer b. mandible c. zygomatic bone d. lacrimal bone

mandible

What forms the chin?

mandible

What are the keystone bones of the face?

maxillae

Which bone(s) are keystone bones of the face? a. ethmoid b. frontal c. mandible d. maxillary e. occipital f. palatine g. parietal h. sphenoid i. temporal

maxillary

What are the auditory ossicles?

middle ear bones

What allows the spinal cord to pass to the brain?

occipital

Which bone(s) allow the spinal cord to pass? a. ethmoid b. frontal c. mandible d. maxillary e. occipital f. palatine g. parietal h. sphenoid i. temporal

occipital

What forms most of the base of the skull? a. sphenoid bone b. ethmoid bone c. temporal bone d. frontal bone e. parietal bone f. occipital bone

occipital bone

What forms the posterior hard palate?

palatine bone

What forms the bulk of the cranial ceiling? a. sphenoid bone b. ethmoid bone c. temporal bone d. frontal bone e. parietal bone f. occipital bone

parietal bone

Where is the location of the clavicle?

pectoral girdle

Where is the location of the ilium?

pelvic girdle

What articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?

radius

Which of the following does NOT correlate with the skull growth spurt that is seen between the ages of 6 and 13? a. expansion of the nose b. development of the permanent teeth c. expansion of the paranasal sinuses d. replacement of the fontanelles with bone

replacement of the fontanelles with bone

Which disorder is described by abnormal lateral spinal curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic region, or "twisted disease"?

scoliosis

How many cervical vertebrae are there in a normal adult? a. ten (10) b. five (5) c. twelve (12) d. seven (7)

seven (7)

What is the scapula?

shoulder blade

What of the largest bone of this group is the calcaneus?

tarsals

Which term is best described by "largest bone of this "group" is the calcaneus?" a. carpals b. femur c. fibula d. humerus e. radius f. tarsals g. tibia h. ulna

tarsals

What contains mastoid sinuses?

temporal

What surrounds the external ear canal? a. sphenoid bone b. ethmoid bone c. temporal bone d. frontal bone e. parietal bone f. occipital bone

temporal bone

Which disorder is described by common in those carrying a "large load up front, " such as men with "potbellies" and pregnant women?

temporary lordosis

What has an end shaped like a wrench?

ulna

What is the major shortcoming of the flexibility allowed by the shoulder joint?

A consequence of its flexibility is that it is easily dislocated.

What two bones construct each pectoral girdle?

Each pectoral girdle is formed by a scapula and a clavicle.

Johnny was vigorously exercising the only joints in the skull that are freely movable. What would you guess he was doing?

Eating or talking, because the only freely movable joints of the skull are the temporomandibular joints of the jaw.

A human normally has ten pairs of ribs. a. True b. False

False

An injury to the lateral side of your ankle would involve the tibia. a. True b. False

False

At its proximal end, the humerus articulates with the ulna and radius. a. True b. False

False

Improper administration of CPR can force the floating ribs into the liver. a. True b. False

False

Most humans have 10 pairs of ribs. a. True b. False

False

Ribs that have no connection to the sternum are called the false ribs. a. True b. False

False

The axial skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities and the girdles. a. True b. False

False

The clavicle is part of the axial skeleton. a. True b. False

False

The first cervical vertebra is also known as the axis. a. True b. False

False

The os coxae is formed by the fusion of four bones. a. True b. False

False

The ossa coxae make up the bony pelvis. a. True b. False

False

The thickest intervertebral discs are found in the sacral region. a. True b. False

False

Fovea

a pit

What is the zygomatic bone?

cheekbone

The inferior end of the vertebral column is composed of the __________. a. lumbar vertebrae b. coccyx c. sacrum d. thoracic vertebrae

coccyx

Where is the location of the parietal bone?

cranial bone

What is the most anterior part of the cranium? a. sphenoid bone b. ethmoid bone c. temporal bone d. frontal bone e. parietal bone f. occipital bone

frontal bone

What is the calcaneus?

heel bone

Which of the following is characterized by a ruptured anulus fibrosis? a. scoliosis b. lordosis c. osteoporosis d. herniated disc

herniated disc

What is the coxal bone?

hip

What encloses the pituitary? a. sphenoid bone b. ethmoid bone c. temporal bone d. frontal bone e. parietal bone f. occipital bone

sphenoid bone

Choose the MISMATCHED pairing. a. surgical neck: humerus b. radial tuberosity: radius c. deltoid tuberosity: humerus d. styloid process: humerus

styloid process: humerus

A joint between skull bones is called a __________. a. suture b. plate c. margin d. zone

suture

Which of the following bones does NOT form a part of the orbits of the eyes? a. ethmoid b. lacrimal c. vomer d. maxilla e. frontal

vomer

Which of the following is a facial bone? a. vomer b. sphenoid bone c. occipital bone d. parietal bone e. temporal bone

vomer

What are the three main parts of the axial skeleton?

The three main parts of the axial skeleton are the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

What lower limb bone is the second largest bone in the body?

The tibia is the second largest bone in the body.

Which term is best described by "anteriormost bone of the pelvic girdle?" a. clavicle b. ilium c. ischium d. pubis e. sacrum f. scapula g. sternum

pubis

Which term is best described by "articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?" a. carpals b. femur c. fibula d. humerus e. radius f. tarsals g. tibia h. ulna

radius

Which term is best described by "markings that include glenoid cavity and acromion?" a. clavicle b. ilium c. ischium d. pubis e. sacrum f. scapula g. sternum

scapula

Which bone(s) are keystone bones of the cranium? a. ethmoid b. frontal c. mandible d. maxillary e. occipital f. palatine g. parietal h. sphenoid i. temporal

sphenoid

Which term is best described by "bone of the axial skeleton to which the pectoral girdle attaches?" a. clavicle b. ilium c. ischium d. pubis e. sacrum f. scapula g. sternum

sternum

Thoracic Cage (Bony Thorax)

bones that form the framework of the thorax; includes sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae

Skull

bony protective encasement of the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium; includes cranial and facial bones

Ramus

branch of a nerve, artery, vein, or bone

Which bone(s) contain paranasal sinuses? a. ethmoid b. frontal c. mandible d. maxillary e. occipital f. palatine g. parietal h. sphenoid i. temporal

ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid

Fontanelles

fibrous membranes at the angles of cranial bones that accommodate brain growth in the fetus and infant

Which bone(s) are connected by the coronal suture? a. ethmoid b. frontal c. mandible d. maxillary e. occipital f. palatine g. parietal h. sphenoid i. temporal

frontal and parietal

Achilles Tendon

tendon that attaches the calf muscles to the heelbone (calcaneus); see Calcaneal tendon

Thorax

that portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck

Which term is best described by "end shaped like a monkey wrench?" a. carpals b. femur c. fibula d. humerus e. radius f. tarsals g. tibia h. ulna

ulna

How can you distinguish a lumbar vertebrae from a thoracic vertebrae?

A lumbar vertebrae is heavier and its massive body is kidney-shaped. Its spinous processes are short and project directly back. A thoracic vertebral body is generally heart-shaped, its spinous process is long, sharp, and points downward, and its transverse processes have facets for articulating with the ribs.

Besides supporting our weight, what is a major function of the arches of the foot?

Because of their springiness, the foot arches save energy during locomotion.

Where are carpals found and what type of bone (short, irregular, long, or flat) are they?

Carpals are found in the proximal region of the palm. They are short bones.

Which of the following sites is not a site of muscle attachment? Greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, or lateral condyle.

The lateral condyles are not sites of muscle attachment, they are articular surfaces.

Under what conditions does the lumbar curvature of the spine develop?

The lumbar curvature develops when the baby begins to walk.

What bones are the keystone bones of the facial skeleton?

The maxillae are the keystone bones of the facial skeleton.

What bone forms the bulk of the orbit floor and what sense organ is found in the orbit of a living person?

The maxillae form the bulk of the orbit floor. The eye is housed in the orbit.

Where is the medial malleolus located?

The medial melleolus is located on the distalmost medial aspect of the tibia.

What bones abut one another at the sagittal suture? An the lambdoid suture??

The parietal bones abut each other at the sagittal suture. The occipital bone abuts the parietal bone at the lambdoid suture.

The pelvic girdle is a heavy, strong girdle. How does its structure reflect its function?

The pelvic girdle receives the weight of the upper body (trunk, head, and upper limbs) and transmits that weight to the lower limbs.

Name the bones contributing to the os coxae, and relate the pelvic girdle's strength to its function.

The pelvic girdle, a heavy structure specialized for weight bearing, is composed of two hip bones and the sacrum. It secures the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. Each hip bone consists of three fused bones; ilium, ischium, and pubis. The acetabulum occurs at the point of fusion. The ilium is the superior flaring portion of the hip bone. Each ilium forms a secure joint with the sacrum posteriorly. The ischium is a curved bar of bone; we sit on the ischial tuberosities. The v-shaped pubic bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis.

Women with prominent (high) cheekbones are often considered beautiful by the modeling industry. What bones are the "cheekbones?"

The zygomatic bones are the cheekbones.

Which term is best described by "wrist bones?" a. carpals b. femur c. fibula d. humerus e. radius f. tarsals g. tibia h. ulna

carpals

Lamina

(1) a thin layer or flat plate; (2) the portion of a vertebra between the transverse process and the spinous process

Pelvis

(1) basin-shaped bony structure composed of the pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx; (2) funnel-shaped tube within the kidney continuous with the ureter

Sinus

(1) mucous-membrane-lined, air-filled cavity in certain cranial bones; (2) dilated channel for the passage of blood or lymph

Identify important bone markings on the pectoral girdle.

-- Clavicle -- acromial end; sternal end -- Scapula -- glenoid cavity; spine; acromion; coracoid process; infraspinous; supraspinous; and subscapular fossae

How does a true rib differ from a false rib?

A true rib connects to the sternum by its own costal cartilage. A false rib connects to the sternum via coastal cartilages of other ribs or not at all.

Indicate a common function of the spinal curvatures and the intervertebral discs.

Curvatures increase spine flexibility. The fibrocartilage intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers and provide flexibility to the vertebral column.

Identify the lower limb bones and their important markings.

Each lower limb consists of the thigh, leg, and foot and is specialized for weight bearing and locomotion. The femur is the only bone of the thigh. Its ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum. The bones of the leg are the tibia which participates in forming both the knee and ankle joints, and the fibula. The bones of the foot include the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. The most important tarsals are the calcaneus (heel bone) and the talus, which articulates with the tibia superiorly. The foot is supported by three arches (lateral, medial, and transverse) that distribute body weight to the heel and ball of the foot. -- Femur -- head; greater and lesser trochanters; neck; lateral and medial condyles and epichondyles; gluteal tuberosity; linea aspera -- Tibia -- medial and lateral condyles; tibial tuberocity; anterior border; medial malleolus

Identify bones forming the pectoral girdle and relate their structure and arrangement to the function of this girdle.

Each pectoral girdle consists of one clavicle and one scapula. The pectoral girdle attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. The clavicles hold the scapulae laterally away from the thorax. The sternoclavicular joints are the only attachment points of the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton. The scapulae articulate with the clavicles and with the humerus bones of the arms.

Identify and name the bones of the upper limb and their important markings.

Each upper limb consists of thirty (30) bones and its specialized for mobility. The skeleton of the arm is composed solely of the humerus; the skeleton of the forearm is composed of the radius and ulna; and the skeleton of the hand consists of the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. -- Humerus -- head; greater and lesser tubercles; intertubercular sulcus; radial grrove; deltoid tuberocity; trochlea; capitulum; coronoid and olecranon fossae; epicondyles; radial fossae -- Ulna -- coronoid process; olecranon; radial notch; trochlear notch; ulnar styloid process; head -- Radius -- head; radial tuberocity; radial styloid process; ulnar notch

Define fontanelles and indicate their significance.

Fontanelles, which allow brain growth and ease birth passage, are present in the skull at birth. Growth of the cranium after birth is related to brain growth. Increase in size of the facial skeleton follows tooth development and enlargement of nose and sinus cavities

Describe the structure of the vertebral column, list its components, and describe its curvatures.

General Characteristics - The vertebral column includes twenty-four (24) movable vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar) and the sacrum and coccyx. The primary curvatures of the vertebral column are the thoracic and sacral; the secondary curvatures are the cervical and lumbar.

Define the bony boundaries of the orbits, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses.

Orbits and Nasal Cavity -- Both the orbits and the nasal cavities are complicated bony regions formed of several bones. Paranasal Sinuses -- Paranasal sinuses occur in the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones. Hyoid Bone -- The hyoid bone, supported in the neck by ligaments, serves as an attachment point for tongue and neck muscles.

Name the major parts of the axial and appendicular skeletons and describe their relative functions.

The axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body. Its principle subdivisions are the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It provides support and protection (by enclosure). The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the limbs. It allows mobility for manipulation and locomotion.

Which part of the skeleton -- axial or appendicular -- is important in protecting internal organs?

The axial skeleton is more important in protecting internal organs.

Name and describe the bones of the thoracic cage (bony thorax).

The bones of the thoracic cage include the twelve (12) rib pairs, the sternum, and the thoracic vertebrae. The thoracic cage protects the organs of the thoracic cavity. the sternum consists of the fused manubrium body, and xiphoid process.

In which two regions of the vertebral column is the vertebral column concave posteriorly?

The cervical and lumbar regions are concave posteriorly.

Compare and contrast the major functions of the cranium and the facial skeleton.

The cranium forms the vault and base of the skull, which protect the brain. The facial skeleton provides opening for the respiratory and digestive passages and attachment points for facial muscles.

The perpendicular plates of the palatine bones and the superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid bone form a substantial part of the nasal cavity walls. Which bone forms the roof of that cavity?

The cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone form the roof of the nasal cavity.

How would a complete fracture of the dens affect the mobility of the vertebral column?

The dens is the axis on which the atlas rotates. If it's broken, movements of the atlas would be less controllable.

What developmental events result in a dramatic enlargement of the facial skeleton between the ages of 6 and 13?

The enlargement of the facial skeleton between age 6 and 13 is due to the enlargement of the nose and paranasal sinuses and the development of the permanent teeth.

Which bone forms the crista galli?

The ethmoid bone forms the crista galli.

Which of the following terms or phrases refer to the female pelvis? Wider, shorter sacrum; cavity narrow and deep; narrow heart-shaped inlet; more movable coccyx; long ischial spines.

The female pelvis is wider and has a shorter sacrum and a more moveable coccyx.

Besides the spinal curvatures, which skeletal elements help to make the vertebral column flexible?

The fibrocartilage discs contribute to the flexibility of the vertebral column.

Differentiate true from false ribs.

The first seven (7) rib pairs are called true ribs; the rest are called false ribs. Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs.

What are the five major regions of the vertebral column?

The five major regions of the vertebral column are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.

Which of the skull bones are cranial bones?

The frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones are all cranial bones.

Where is the single point of attachment of the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton?

The pectoral girdle attaches to the sternal manubrium of the axial skeleton via the medial end of its clavicle.

Describe differences in the male and female pelves and relate these to functional differences.

The pelvis is the deep, basin-like structure formed by the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. The male pelvis is deep and narrow with larger, heavier bones than those of the female. The female pelvis, which forms the birth canal, is shallow and wide.

Name, describe, and identify the skull bones. Identify their important markings.

The skull is formed by 22 bones. Except for the temporomadibular joints, all bones of the adult skull are joined by immovable structures. -- Cranium -- The eight (8) bones of the cranium include the paired parietal and temporal bones and the single frontal, occipital ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. -- Facial Bones -- The fourteen (14) bones of the face include the paired maxillae, zygomatics, nasals, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior nasal conchae and the single mandible and vomer bones.

What bones contain the paranasal sinuses?

The sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, and maxillary bones contain paranasal sinuses.

What is the sternal angle and what is its clinical importance?

The sternal angle is a ridge across the front of the sternum where the manubrium joins the sternal body. It acts as a hinge allowing the sternum to swing anteriorly when we inhale. Because it is aligned with the second rib, it is a handy cue for finding the rib and then counting the ribs during a physical exam.

Which skull bones house the external ear canals?

The temporal bones house the external ear canals.

The ilium and pubis help to form the os coxae. What other bone is involved in forming the os coxae?

The third bone of the os coxae is the ischium.

Besides the ribs and sternum, there is a third group of bones making up the thoracic cage. What is it?

The thoracic vertebrae also contribute to the thoracic cage.

What are the two largest tarsal bones in each foot, and which one forms the heel of the foot?

The two largest tarsals are the talus and the calcaneous, which forms the heel.

Which bones of the upper limb have a styloid process?

The ulna and the radius each have a styloid process distally.

Describe how skeletal proportions change through life.

The vertebral column is C-shaped at birth (thoracic and sacral curvatures are present); the secondary curvatures form when the baby begins to life its head and walk. Long bones continue to grow in length until late adolescence. The head and torso, initially 1 1/2 times the length of the lower limbs, equal their length by the age of 10. Changes in the female pelvis (preparatory for childbirth) occur during puberty. Once at adult height, the skeleton changes little until late middle age.

What is the normal number of cervical vertebrae? Of thoracic vertebrae??

There are seven (7) cervical and twelve (12) thoracic vertebrae.

Which bones play a major role in forming the elbow joint?

Together the ulna and humerus form the elbow joint.

Discuss how age-related skeletal changes may affect health.

With old age, the intervertebral discs thin; this, along with osteoporosis, leads to the gradual loss in height and increased risk of disc herniation. Loss of bone mass increases the risk of fractures, and thoracic cage rigidity promotes breathing difficulties.

Discuss the structure of a typical vertebra and describe regional features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.

With the exception of C₁ and C₂, all vertebrae have a body, two transverse processes, two superior and two inferior articular processes, a spinous process, and a vertebral arch. -- Cervical -- Body: small, wide side-to-side Spinous Process: short; bifid; projects directly posterior Vertebral Foramen: triangular Transverse Processes: contains foramina Superior and Inferior Articular Processes: superior facets directed superiorposteriorly; inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly Movements Allowed: flexion and extension; lateral flexion; rotation; the spine region with the greatest range of movement -- Thoracic -- Body: larger than cervicle; heart-shaped; bears two costal facets Spinous Process: long; sharp; projects inferiorly Vertebral Foramen: circular Transverse Processes: bear facets for ribs (except T₁₁ and T₁₂) Superior and Inferior Articular Processes: superior facets directed posteriorly; inferior facets directed anteriorly Movements Allowed: rotation; lateral flexion possible but restricted by ribs; flexion and extension limited -- Lumbar -- Body: massive; kidnet-shaped Spinous Process: short; blunt; rectangular; projects directly posteriorly Vertebral Foramen: triangular Transverse Processes: thin and tapered Superior and Inferior Articular Processes: superior facets directed posteriomedially (or medially); inferior facets directed anteriolaterally (or laterally) Movements Allowed: flexion and extension; some lateral flexion; rotation prevented

Which term is best described by "doubly curved; acts as a shoulder strut?" a. clavicle b. ilium c. ischium d. pubis e. sacrum f. scapula g. sternum

clavicle

Pelvic Girdle (Hip Girdle)

consists of the paired coxal bones that attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

Acetabulum

cup-like cavity on lateral surface of the hip bone that receives the femur

Intervertebral Discs

discs of fibrocartilage between vertebrae

Meatus

external opening of a canal

Which term is best described by "articulates with the acetabulum and the tibia?" a. carpals b. femur c. fibula d. humerus e. radius f. tarsals g. tibia h. ulna

femur

Which term is best described by "forms the lateral aspect of the ankle?" a. carpals b. femur c. fibula d. humerus e. radius f. tarsals g. tibia h. ulna

fibula

Vertebral Column (Spine)

formed of a number of individual bones called vertebrae and two composite bones (sacrum and coccyx)

Which term is best described by "features include the ala, crest, and greater sciatic notch?" a. clavicle b. ilium c. ischium d. pubis e. sacrum f. scapula g. sternum

ilium

Which term is best described by "hip bone that articulates with the axial skeleton?" a. clavicle b. ilium c. ischium d. pubis e. sacrum f. scapula g. sternum

ilium

Which term is best described by "the "sit-down" bone?" a. clavicle b. ilium c. ischium d. pubis e. sacrum f. scapula g. sternum

ischium

Mandible

lower jawbone; U shaped, largest bone of the face

Which bone(s) forms the chin? a. ethmoid b. frontal c. mandible d. maxillary e. occipital f. palatine g. parietal h. sphenoid i. temporal

mandible

Which bone(s) form the hard palate? a. ethmoid b. frontal c. mandible d. maxillary e. occipital f. palatine g. parietal h. sphenoid i. temporal

maxillary and palatine

Pectoral

pertaining to the chest

Which term is best described by "bone that "carries" the hand?" a. carpals b. femur c. fibula d. humerus e. radius f. tarsals g. tibia h. ulna

radius

Axial

relating to the head, neck, and trunk; one of the two major divisions of the body

Which term is best described by "part of the vertebral column?" a. clavicle b. ilium c. ischium d. pubis e. sacrum f. scapula g. sternum

sacrum

Which bone(s) contain mastoid sinuses? a. ethmoid b. frontal c. mandible d. maxillary e. occipital f. palatine g. parietal h. sphenoid i. temporal

temporal

Calcaneal Tendon

tendon that attaches the calf muscles to the heelbone (calcaneus); also called the Achilles tendon

Lumbar Vertebrae

the five vertebrae of the lumbar region of the vertebral column, commonly called the small of the back

Cervical Vertebrae

the seven vertebrae of the vertebral column located in the neck