Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. bodily-kinesthetic B. intrapersonal C. logical-mathematical D. spatial

A. bodily kinesthetic High ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. A. emotion; memory B. feeling; remembering C. recall; retention D. recollection; sentiment

A. emotion; memory

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing. A. infiltrate B. innovate C. integrate D. intensify

C. integrate

The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept? A. concept B. grammar C. lexicon D. prototype

C. lexicon refers to the words of a given language. Thus, lexicon is a language's vocabulary

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. A. artificial B. event C. role D. script

C. role

Practical Intelligence

"street smarts" - Being practical, finding solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences.

Creative Intelligence

inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. Finding a solution to an unexpected problem.

Functional fixedness

is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for.

hindsight bias

leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did.

Crystallized Intelligence

refers to the store of knowledge and skills gained through experience and education

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. A. interpersonal; intrapersonal B. intrapersonal; naturalist C. logical-mathematical; interpersonal D. musical; linguistic

A. interpersonal; intrapersonal Interpersonal intelligence= Ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others Intrapersonal intelligence= Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? A. mild B. moderate C. profound D. severe

A. mild

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. A. anchoring B. confirmation C. hindsight D. representational

B. confirmation Focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs and ignoring those that contradict them unconsciously

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________. A. behaviors B. experiences C. personality D. socialization

B. experiences

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________. A. confirmation bias B. functional fixedness C. hindsight bias D. mental set

D. mental set mental set is where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now.

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? A. Flynn effect B. norming C. population size D. sample size

D. sample size

Heuristic

General problem-solving framework

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. A. automatic B. concepts C. diverse D. stereotypes

A. automatic also known as a cognitive script, is a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language. A. grammar B. lexicon C. syntax D. thesaurus

A. grammar refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A. academic B. analytical C. creative D. practical

B. analytical "School smarts" the ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast.

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. A. algorithm B. availability heuristic C. functional fixedness D. hindsight bias

B. availability heuristic is a heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept. A. model B. natural C. prototype D. unnatural

B. natural

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________. A. known; unknown B. natural; artificial C. realizable; unrealizable D. unnatural; unidentified

B. natural; artificial Natrual= created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences. (ex: snow is a natural concept because you can construct an understanding of it through direct observations or experiences of snow) artificial= artificial concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that they always exhibit, such as what defines different basic shapes.

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have? A. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) B. comorbidity C. dysgraphia D. dyslexia

C. dysgraphia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? A. dysfunction B. dysgraphia C. dyslexia D. dysthymia

C. dyslexia

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? A. categories of psychology B. dog breeds C. patriotism D. types of cars

C. patriotism

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. A. availability heuristic B. confirmation bias C. representational bias D. stereotype bias

C. representational bias describes a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. A. analytic B. common sense C. crystallized D. fluid

D. fluid encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems refers to innate, inherited reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. bodily kinesthetic B. logical-mathematical C. naturalist D. spatial

D. spatial is the ability to comprehend three-dimensional images and shapes. This is a primary function of the right side of the brain and is used when solving puzzles, figuring out maps and taking part in any type of construction or engineering project.

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. A. actions B. chemicals C. subconscious D. thoughts

D. thoughts

Cognition

Is thinking, and it encompasses the process associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory

schema (plural schemata or schemas)

describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.