Chapter 7

Name the 3 Classes of AA. give example of a conditionally essential AA.

Conditionally: alanine, asparagine, serine

define denaturation. What 4 things denature protein?

altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat,acids, and physical agitation. 1.alcohol 2. lemon juice 3.heat 4.

protein molecules are not a straight chain. what influences the folding/coiling of protein molecules?

coiling= strand of amino acids takes on a spring-like shape as their side chains variously attract and repel each other. Folding=once coiled the protein may be functional as is or it may need to join with other proteins or add a vitamin or mineral to become active

What are legumes? give example how do they provide protein?

plants that produce pods with a single row of seed.

what are the pros and cons of vegetarian diet?

pros:weigh loss, less heart disease, cons: lack kilocalories, high-quality protein, omega-3 fatty acids

What happens when you consume more protein than you need?

the unnecessary amino acids undergo deamination, and cells convert the carbon skeletons into glucose or fat, or metabolize them for energy

The RDA for protien for healthy adults is ___g/kg body weight

0.8 g/kg

what is the AMDR guidelines for the % of proteins from total energy intake?

10-35% kcal

What are food source of protein? there are ____g of protein in ounce of meat. There is __g protein in 1/2 cup of pinto beans.

10g of protein in oz of meat 6g in pinto beans

protein provides ____calories per gram.

4 cal.

the RDA for a person who weighs 140 pounds is ___g/kg body weight

50.9

what are complementary proteins and mutual supplementation? examples

complementary proteins= mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids w/o adding animal proteins ex. vulgur, cornmeal, oats, rice, dried peas, soy products ; Mutual supplementation=combing 2 incomplete protein sources so AAs in 1 food makes up for those lacking in the other. ex. baked beans and bread, pasta and cheese

define high-quality protein. give examples

contains all essential amino acids in amounts that will support protein deposition in muscles and other tissues. meat, fish, poultry eggs and milk

What foods are common food allergens?

cow's milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat, soybeans, fish and shellfish, wine, fruits, veggies

What is PKU? what foods are allowed on a low phylalanine diet?

genetic disorder caused by lack of enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to another compound, fruits, veggies, special low-phenylalanine foods

what is kwashiorkor and marasmus. characteristics of both.

kwashiorkor: adequate energy intake but intake of hig-quality protein is low. ex:swollen limbs and belly with edema, stunted growth, diarrhea. Marasmus: starvation-extremely weight loss . ex: very thin-skin and bones, dysentery, no fat under skin

What is nitrogen balance, positive nitrogen balance, and negative nitrogen balance? give examples

nitrogen balance= balancing nitrogen intake and protein turnover with losses ex. meeting protein and engery needs, positive nitrogen balance= retain more nitrogen than it loses as proteins are added o various tissues ex.pregnacy, Negative nitrogen balance= the body loses more nitrogen than it retains and protein intake is less than what the body needs ex. kidney diseases

proteins are chemically similar to lipids and carbohydrates because they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Proteins, however contain _____. proteins are made of smaller units called _____ _______.

nitrogen, amino acid

What is protein turnover and amino acid pool?

protein turnover is the process of breaking down old or unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new protein . Amino acid pool is an endogenous, or internal, source of nitrogen

muscles synthesis occurs during____ and last __ hrs.

recovery, 24-48

What is the only safe and reliable way to increase muscle mass.

resistance training

protein digestion begins in the _____ absorption occurs in the _____.

stomach, small intestine

what are the functions of proteins? What are transports protein? How do proteins maintain the acid-base balance?

structural proteins in cartilage, ligaments,bones, hair, skin , and nails. clotting proteins that are needed for blood clotting. contactile proteins that enable muscles to move. Transport proteins oxygen and many nutrients are transported in blood by special protein. Protein act as buffers by accepting or releasing H+. 7.35 to 7.45 blood ph level

what is deamination and where does it occur?

the process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid.

No food is 100% protein. True or False

true

How can you determine which food item or brand cost the least?

unit cost

Why does consuming large amounts of protein in foods and supplements in an effort to build extra muscle tissue not work?

AA can upset intestinal cells ability to absorb other AA

what happens after AA are absorbed?

AA enter portal vein and travel to the liver and keeps some for its own use.

describe protein synthesis? include the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and peptide bond.

DNA template to make mRNA, mRNA exits nucleus through nucleus membrane, DNA remains inside, tRNA collects AA and brings them to the mRNA, ribosomes moves along the messenger,

To save money and improve diet rely less on ___ foods and more on "_____ foods."

prepared, slow