Chapter 8-14 Final Exam Psychology

According to the results of the Clark and Hatfield study, _______ of women agreed to have sex with a complete stranger compared to ______ of men. a) 0%; 75% b) 50%; 50% c) 75%; 0% d) 5%; 70%

a) 0%; 75%

Which theory of emotions says that people use their current moods to make judgments and appraisals? a) Affect-as-information theory b) James-Lange Theory c) Cannon-Bard Theory d) Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

a) Affect-as-information theory

_____ is the behavioral and cognitive response people use to deal with stressors, including efforts to change circumstances and interpretations of circumstances to make them more favorable and less threatening. a) Coping b) Acculturative stress c) The fight-or-flight pattern d) The tend-and-befriend pattern

a) Coping

_____ are every day, minor events that annoy and upset people. a) Daily hassles b) Type A events c) Catastrophes d) Life change units

a) Daily hassles

_____ motivation consists of outside influences on behavior, such as rewards, social evaluations, rules, and responsibilities. a) Extrinsic b) Intrinsic c) Achievement d) Competence

a) Extrinsic

Prosocial behavior is defined as any behavior that _______ others. a) Helps b) Harms c) Takes advantage of d) None of the above

a) Helps

_____ is defined as a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific group. a) Prejudice b) The self-effacing bias c) Ethnocentrism d) The rule of reciprocity

a) Prejudice

_____ can be described as the use of psychological techniques to increase understanding and treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems. a) Psychotherapy b) Biomedical therapy c) TCS d) ECT

a) Psychotherapy

A negative coping skill is defined as something that helps an individual cope with their stress but may also cause adverse effects in and of itself. a) True b) False

a) True

A person's personality traits are relatively consistent throughout his or her lifespan. a) True b) False

a) True

According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, repressed feelings, wishes, and drives are contained in the unconscious. a) True b) False

a) True

According to the five-factor model of personality, the five basic dimensions of personality are: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. a) True b) False

a) True

As a general rule, conformity is higher in collectivistic cultures than it is in individualistic cultures. a) True b) False

a) True

Aspects of emotional intelligence include the ability to manage your own emotions and understand and respond appropriately to the emotions of other people. a) True b) False

a) True

Both Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers believed that people were inherently motivated to strive to fulfill their potential. a) True b) False

a) True

DSM-5 includes the symptoms, the criteria that must be met to make a diagnosis, the frequency, typical course, and risk factors for each disorder. a) True b) False

a) True

Discrimination is the inappropriate & unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice. a) True b) False

a) True

Display rules govern how and when people express emotion. a) True b) False

a) True

Hedonism can relate to the pleasure principle from Freud and states that we seek pleasure and strive to avoid pain. a) True b) False

a) True

Homeostasis refers to the notion that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels. a) True b) False

a) True

In general, self-report inventories, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Myers-Brigg have greater validity and reliability than projective tests, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test. a) True b) False

a) True

Nonverbal displays of emotion signal inner states, moods, and needs. a) True b) False

a) True

Prolonged stress can reduce the responsiveness of the immune system. a) True b) False

a) True

Some forms of coping behavior can actually intensify or prolong stress. a) True b) False

a) True

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a self-report inventory that arrives at a personality type by measuring a person's preferred way of dealing with information, making decisions, and interacting with others. a) True b) False

a) True

The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is available on major holidays. a) True b) False

a) True

The Need to Belong theory states that wanting interpersonal attachment is a fundamental motive for behavior. a) True b) False

a) True

The social cognitive perspective on personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning and role models for developing our personality. a) True b) False

a) True

You are more likely to conform to group norms when you are facing a unanimous majority of four or five people. a) True b) False

a) True

What type of personality test involves the interpreting of an ambiguous image and is used to assess unconscious motives and conflicts? a) a projective test b) a graphology test c) a personality type inventory d) a self-report inventory

a) a projective test

Severely restricted eating and an intense fear of weight gain are to _____ as binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting are to _____. a) anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa b) body dysmorphic disorder; anorexia nervosa c) bulimia nervosa; body dysmorphic disorder d) bulimia nervosa; anorexia nervosa

a) anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa

The most widely accepted trait theory today is called the: a) five-factor model of personality. b) Myers-Briggs theory of personality types. c) Cattell theory of personality traits. d) Eysenck model of personality.

a) five-factor model of personality.

Global, persistent, chronic, and excessive apprehension (worrying about anything and everything) is the main feature of: a) generalized anxiety disorder. b) panic disorder. c) agoraphobia. d) posttraumatic stress disorder.

a) generalized anxiety disorder.

According to Freud's theories, what are the three components to our personality? a) id, ego, and superego b) reality principle, pleasure principle, and conscience c) ed, ego, and superego d) id, ego, and superid

a) id, ego, and superego

The social group to which a person belongs is called the _____, and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the _____. a) in-group; out-group b) out-group; in-group c) prosocial group; altruistic group d) conformist group; nonconformist group

a) in-group; out-group

ECT is primarily used as a treatment for: a) major depressive disorder. b) chronic anxiety. c) bipolar disorder. d) schizophrenia.

a) major depressive disorder.

Before leaving her home, Margaret makes sure that every electrical appliance is unplugged and checks that every window and door is securely locked. She checks everything 17 times according to a strict ritual that she has worked out. If she misses one window, door, or appliance, she must begin all over again. If she tries to skip any step of the ritual, she experiences unbearable anxiety. Margaret probably has: a) obsessive-compulsive disorder. b) dissociative identity disorder. c) bipolar disorder. d) specific phobia.

a) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

According to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, approximately _____ American adults has experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder during the previous year. a) one out of four (26 percent) b) one out of 100 (1 percent) c) one out of 10 (10 percent) d) one out of 2 (46 percent)

a) one out of four (26 percent)

Carl Rogers is responsible for developing which model of therapy: a) person-centered b) behavioral c) cognitive d) psychoanalytic

a) person-centered

By definition _____ are inflexible, maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, behavior, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations, and deviate from the expectations of an individual's culture. a) personality disorders b) dissociative disorders c) bipolar disorders d) anxiety disorders

a) personality disorders

Jayne was in a fast-food restaurant when a man walked in, drew a gun, and started shooting, killing two people before killing himself. Although Jayne was not injured in the shooting spree, she has since been unable to return to work. She can't seem to stop thinking about the event. She has recurrent nightmares, is unable to sleep, and does not want to leave her home. It is most likely that Jayne has: a) posttraumatic stress disorder. b) obsessive-compulsive disorder. c) generalized anxiety disorder. d) cyclothymic disorder.

a) posttraumatic stress disorder.

The two basic types of personality tests are: a) projective tests and self-report inventories. b) personality trait inventories and personality type inventories. c) aptitude and achievement tests. d) personality type tests and self-report inventories.

a) projective tests and self-report inventories.

Free association, dream interpretation, and transference are to _____ as unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding are to _____. a) psychoanalysis; client-centered therapy b) cognitive therapy; behavioral therapy c) short-term dynamic therapy; interpersonal therapy d) client-centered therapy; psychoanalysis

a) psychoanalysis; client-centered therapy

Most emotion researchers agree that the basic emotions are: a) sadness, happiness, disgust, fear, surprise, and anger. b) greed, lust, spite, and revenge. c) pleasure, displeasure, arousal, and serenity. d) regret, fear, guilt, contentment, rage, resentment, pity, and joy.

a) sadness, happiness, disgust, fear, surprise, and anger.

Your sense of conscience corresponds to which component of personality in Freud's theory? a) superego b) Thanatos c) id d) ego

a) superego

The bus is fairly crowded when you get on. You make a rapid evaluation and quickly decide to sit next to a well-dressed senior citizen because you think that it will be safer to sit next to him than some of the other people on the bus. This example illustrates: a) the process of person perception. b) a typical response to the stereotype threat. c) the effect of ethnocentrism. d) the bystander effect.

a) the process of person perception.

Which psychologists made important contributions to the humanistic perspective on personality? a) Hans Eysenck and Raymond Cattell b) Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers c) Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung d) Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura

b) Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Which of the following statements about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is FALSE? a) In the modern use of ECT, the patient is usually given a short-acting anesthetic and muscle relaxants. b) ECT reduces symptoms of major depressive disorder by causing some brain damage and increasing the frequency of seizures. c) One of the biggest drawbacks to ECT is that many patients have a relapse of depressive symptoms within a few months. d) ECT reduces the symptoms of major depressive disorder in about 80 percent of patients who undergo the procedure.

b) ECT reduces symptoms of major depressive disorder by causing some brain damage and increasing the frequency of seizures.

Moods and emotions are the same thing. a) True b) False

b) False

We put forth more effort when working in a group than individually. a) True b) False

b) False

Often referred to as "grit", ____________ is the ability to adapt or recover from difficulty. a) Fortitude b) Resiliency c) Strength of character d) All of the above

b) Resiliency

Other people are the primary source of our everyday stress but can also be the best buffer against stress if they are part of our positive support system. a) False b) True

b) True

Which of the following is the BEST definition of stress? a) the demands that are made on you by other people b) a negative emotional state caused by your perception that you are unable to cope with events or circumstances c) deadlines, daily hassles, or inconveniences d) the mental processes that people use to make sense out of their environment

b) a negative emotional state caused by your perception that you are unable to cope with events or circumstances

A psychotropic medication is a drug that: a) produces visual hallucinations and is used in some traditional religious ceremonies. b) alters mental functions, alleviates psychological symptoms, and is used to treat psychological or mental disorders. c) causes hallucinations and delusions and mimics the symptoms of schizophrenia. d) causes convulsions.

b) alters mental functions, alleviates psychological symptoms, and is used to treat psychological or mental disorders.

Which of the following is NOT one of the client characteristics that contribute to effective psychotherapy? a) motivated and committed to therapy b) court-mandated into treatment c) actively involved in the process and optimistic d) emotional and social maturity

b) court-mandated into treatment

Priscilla's husband insisted that she go to a mental health clinic when she was unable to explain or remember her frequent absences from home, phone calls from people that she claimed she had never heard of, and check stubs from checks that she couldn't remember writing. At the clinic, Priscilla admitted there were long stretches of her life that were completely blank to her. Suddenly, Priscilla's voice, facial expression, and demeanor changed, and she said to the clinic psychologist, "Don't pay any attention to that old Priscilla. She's just a bore. My name is Patty, and I'm a lot more fun to talk to." The clinic psychologist suspects that Priscilla may have: a) schizophrenia. b) dissociative identity disorder. c) posttraumatic stress disorder. d) amnesia.

b) dissociative identity disorder.

In _____ therapy a therapist works with several people simultaneously. a) client-centered b) group c) behavior d) psychodynamic

b) group

The tendency to judge the behavior of the members of your group more favorably than the behavior of members of other groups is called: a) the out-group homogeneity effect. b) in-group bias. c) hindsight bias. d) the fundamental attribution error.

b) in-group bias.

The "rules," or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation are called: a) the rules of commitment. b) social norms. c) the rules of reciprocity. d) interpersonal context rules.

b) social norms.

Researchers studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy have identified several common factors that contribute to a positive therapy outcome. One common factor relates to the characteristics of the therapist. Which of the following is NOT a therapist characteristic that is related to a positive outcome in psychotherapy? a) sensitivity to cultural differences b) the ability to prescribe medications or medical procedures c) a genuine commitment to the client's well-being d) a caring attitude and the ability to listen empathically

b) the ability to prescribe medications or medical procedures

The tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to each other is called: a) ethnocentrism. b) the out-group homogeneity effect. c) the bystander effect. d) the self-serving bias.

b) the out-group homogeneity effect.

All of the following factors promote conformity except: a) you are facing an unanimous group of at least four or five people b) you are confident in your abilities or knowledge in the situation c) you find the task to be ambiguous or difficult d) you must give your response in front of the group

b) you are confident in your abilities or knowledge in the situation

According to the ABC model: a) activating events (A) cause behavioral (B) and emotional consequences (C). b) your beliefs (B) about activating events (A), and not the events themselves, cause emotional consequences (C). c) psychological symptoms develop when all (A) behaviors (B) result in the consequence (C) of conditional acceptance. d) activating events (A) cause emotional consequences (C), which change your beliefs (B) about your self-concept.

b) your beliefs (B) about activating events (A), and not the events themselves, cause emotional consequences (C).

Cognitive therapy, abbreviated CT, was developed by: a) Carl Rogers. b) Mary Cover Jones. c) Aaron Beck. d) Albert Ellis.

c) Aaron Beck.

Who developed rational-emotive therapy which uses the ABC model, or that our beliefs about events cause emotional reactions. a) Carl Rogers b) Aaron Beck c) Albert Ellis d) Sigmund Freud

c) Albert Ellis

Which disorder is characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions? a) Schizophrenia b) Narcissistic Personality Disorder c) Borderline Personality Disorder d) Antisocial personality disorder

c) Borderline Personality Disorder

Which theory of emotions states that emotion and physical reactions happen independently but at the same time? a) Common Sense View b) James-Lange Theory c) Cannon-Bard Theory d) Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

c) Cannon-Bard Theory

What were the basic results of psychologist Stanley Milgram's original obedience study? a) Even though ordered by the experimenter to do so, no subject went beyond the 300-volt level. b) The majority of the subjects refused to continue the experiment when the learner first protested that the shocks were painful at the 90-volt level. c) Despite hearing protests from the "learner" in another room, two-thirds of the subjects continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450-volt level. d) Only about one-third of the subjects continued to obey the experimenter and administer shocks beyond the 350-volt level.

c) Despite hearing protests from the "learner" in another room, two-thirds of the subjects continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450-volt level.

Which aspect of human sexuality explores how mate preferences are determined by desire to maximize the probability of passing along genes. a) Biological b) Culture c) Evolution d) All of the above

c) Evolution

Gender differences in emotions occur in which of the following areas? a) Frequency b) Intensity c) Expression d) All of the above

c) Expression

Someone with a more ________ locus of control believes that they determine their own fate in life. a) True b) False c) Internal d) External

c) Internal

_____ motivation is the desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging. a) Achievement b) Extrinsic c) Intrinsic d) Competence

c) Intrinsic

Which area of the brain is most closely associated with emotions? a) Cerebral cortex b) Brain stem c) Limbic system d) Forebrain

c) Limbic system

Which term refers to the process by which people change their behavior to achieve personal goals? a) Self-determination b) Pleasure \ pain theories c) Self-regulation d) Homeostasis

c) Self-regulation

_____ are events or situations that are negative, severe, and far beyond our normal expectations for everyday life or life events. a) Life change units b) Daily hassles c) Traumatic events d) Type A events

c) Traumatic events

Conformity is defined as: a) helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit. b) any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless. c) adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation. d) the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command.

c) adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation.

A personality test reveals that Jacqueline is antagonistic, ruthless, and suspicious, while Melissa is acquiescent, soft-hearted, and trusting. It appears that Jacqueline and Melissa have scored at opposite ends of the _____ dimension of the five-factor model. a) conscientiousness b) openness to experience c) agreeableness d) extraversion

c) agreeableness

The different forms of biomedical therapy are based on the assumption that _____ play a significant role in causing the symptoms of psychological disorders. a) psychological factors b) repressed sexual urges and wishes c) biological factors d) dysfunctional family relationships

c) biological factors

Cognitive therapy is to _____ as behavioral therapy is to _____. a) unconscious conflicts; conscious beliefs b) maladaptive learning; illogical patterns of thinking c) illogical patterns of thinking; maladaptive learning d) conscious beliefs; unconscious conflicts

c) illogical patterns of thinking; maladaptive learning

Olivia is taking advanced placement biology in high school because she loves science and is fascinated by biology. Jacob is taking advanced placement biology in high school because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Olivia is motivated by _____, while Jacob is motivated by _____. a) extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation b) competence; autonomy c) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation d) basic needs; self-actualization

c) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Uncontrollable thoughts and worries are to _____ as uncontrollable behaviors are to _____. a) anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa b) hallucinations; delusions c) obsessions; compulsions d) compulsions; obsessions

c) obsessions; compulsions

What is the primary source of our everyday stress? a) traffic b) lack of sleep c) other people (interpersonal conflict) d) alarm clocks

c) other people (interpersonal conflict)

Sigmund Freud is to _____ that which Carl Rogers is to _____. a) humanistic; trait theory b) social cognitive; psychoanalytic c) psychoanalytic; humanistic d) psychoanalytic; social cognitive

c) psychoanalytic; humanistic

The use of psychological techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____ as the use of medical techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____. a) psychoanalysis; behavior therapy b) psychotherapy; psychoanalysis c) psychotherapy; biomedical therapy d) biomedical therapy; psychotherapy

c) psychotherapy; biomedical therapy

What psychological disorder is characterized by impaired functioning because of severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes? It has also been described in terms of losing touch with reality. a) major depressive disorder. b) cyclothymic disorder. c) schizophrenia. d) dissociative amnesia.

c) schizophrenia.

The branch of psychology that studies how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment is called: a) cognitive psychology. b) evolutionary psychology. c) social psychology. d) personality psychology.

c) social psychology.

Which of the following factors is the most important in determining the effectiveness of psychotherapy? a) cost of each session b) how comfortable the couch is to lay down on c) the therapist-client relationship (rapport) d) type of therapeutic approach

c) the therapist-client relationship (rapport)

The main strength of projective tests is that: a) the scoring of projective tests is extremely objective. b) the tests are valid, meaning they measure what they are supposed to measure. c) they provide good conversation points that can be helpful in psychotherapy. d) different examiners are likely to find very similar results if they give the test to the same individual.

c) they provide good conversation points that can be helpful in psychotherapy.

When a person needs an increase in the amount of a substance to produce the desired effect, _____ has occurred. a) hypermnesia b) dissociation c) tolerance d) the drug rebound effect

c) tolerance

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS): a) uses personality measures to estimate the length of time it will take a person to recover and readjust from the stressful effects of major life traumas. b) measures acculturative stress. c) was an attempt to quantify and rank the impact of stress-producing events in a person's life. d) measures the effect that everyday events that annoy and upset people has on health and well-being.

c) was an attempt to quantify and rank the impact of stress-producing events in a person's life.

Behavioral symptoms of depression may include which of the following? a) Changes in sleep and appetite b) Lack of energy and motivation c) Loss of interest/pleasure in usual activities d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Emotions are complex psychological states that include which of the following? a) Subjective experience b) Expressive response c) Physical response d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which of the following is a source of social and cultural stress? a) Racism and discimination b) Living conditions (exposure to crime, pollution, substandard housing) c) Poverty d) All of the above

d) All of the above

A psychopath/sociopath would most likely meet the criteria for which mental disorder? a) Schizophrenia b) Narcissistic Personality Disorder c) Borderline Personality Disorder d) Antisocial personality disorder

d) Antisocial personality disorder

_____ is primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation. a) Planful problem solving b) Confrontive coping c) Problem-focused coping d) Emotion-focused coping

d) Emotion-focused coping

The circumplex model of emotions plots emotion along which two continuums? a) Valence and strength b) Arousal and energy c) Strength and energy d) None of the above

d) None of the above

Which of the following are considered negative symptoms of schizophrenia? a) Hallucinations b) Delusions c) Disorganized speech d) None of the above

d) None of the above

_____ is primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor. a) Escape-avoidance b) Denial c) Emotion-focused coping d) Problem-focused coping

d) Problem-focused coping

Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to answer a straightforward question, namely: a) Would prejudice be reduced if members of different groups were brought into contact with each other? b) Would people obey an authority figure even if it meant hurting others? c) Would people intervene and help a person in trouble in the presence of others? d) Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong?

d) Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong?

The text defines _____ as a strong or irrational fear of something, usually a specific object or situation, that does not necessarily interfere with the ability to function in daily life. a) ataque de nervios b) panic disorder c) taijin kyofusho d) a phobia

d) a phobia

A distorted body self-perception and irrational fear of weight gain are features of which mental illness? a) schizophrenia b) dissociative fugue c) borderline personality disorder d) anorexia nervosa

d) anorexia nervosa

Ethan is struggling to make enough money to pay his rent and buy food. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Ethan is attempting to meet his _____ needs. a) self-efficacy b) self-actualization c) psychological d) basic

d) basic

When work stress is prolonged and becomes chronic, it can produce a stress response called: a) posttraumatic stress disorder. b) resilience. c) the stress contagion effect. d) burnout.

d) burnout.

Anita is suffering from major depressive disorder. Compared with people who are not depressed, Anita is more likely to: a) speak quickly and have high levels of energy. b) easily complete routine tasks involved in daily living. c) have frequent or unexpected panic attacks. d) have a diminished ability to think, concentrate, and remember.

d) have a diminished ability to think, concentrate, and remember.

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called: a) the rule of reciprocity. b) the "feel good, do good" effect. c) the self-serving bias. d) the bystander effect.

d) the bystander effect.

Which of the following represents the top level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? a) safety needs b) belongingness and love needs c) physiological needs d) the need for self-actualization

d) the need for self-actualization

When David is asked to describe his best friend, Josh, he responds: "Josh is very friendly, pretty intelligent, and a really nice guy. He seems laid back, but he actually works hard at keeping up with his college classes. " David's description of his friend's personality and his characteristics would be most consistent with which of the following approaches to personality? Question options: a) psychoanalytic b) humanistic c) social cognitive d) trait

d) trait

If people abstain from a drug after they have become addicted to it, they may experience _____, which include(s) craving for the drug and unpleasant physical reactions that are sometimes the opposite of the drug's original effects. a) psychoactive effects b) physical dependence c) tolerance symptoms d) withdrawal symptoms

d) withdrawal symptoms