Chapter 8 biology

The antithrombin gene codes for a chain of 432 amino acids. How many DNA nucleotides would code for this gene? 4,320 12,960 432 146 1,296

1,296

A section of messenger RNA (mRNA) is made of 33 nucleotides. With how many amino acids does this section correspond? 1 3 11 33 The number cannot be determined from the information given.

11

Put the steps to produce spider silk protein in yeast in the correct order. 1 Purify protein. 2 Join yeast regulatory sequence and spider silk coding sequence by using enzymes. 3 Insert recombinant gene into yeast cells. 4 Use enzymes to remove yeast coding sequence. 5 Allow yeast to express spider silk gene. 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 5, 2, 4, 3, 1 2, 1, 5, 3, 4 1, 3, 2, 5, 4

4, 2, 3, 5, 1

Put the steps for cellular gene expression in the correct order. 1 ribosome releases peptide 2 mRNA exits the nucleus to the cytoplasm 3 ribosome binds to mRNA 4 transcription 5 translation 6 protein folding

4, 2, 3, 5, 1, 6

In prokaryotic cells, gene expression is inherently different than gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Why? Translation cannot occur on ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells use carbohydrates, instead of nucleic acids, to store genetic information. Transcription cannot occur in a nucleus in a prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells do not use codons and anticodons. Gene expression in prokaryotic cells involves nucleotides that are not found in eukaryotic cells.

Transcription cannot occur in a nucleus in a prokaryotic cell.

A woman lacks one of the amino acids used to build insulin, a protein that helps control blood sugar levels. What is the expected outcome of this deficiency?

Her insulin will no longer function normally..

Why are many drugs either proteins or drugs that interact with proteins? No other macromolecules can be synthesized in a lab. Humans lack the knowledge to synthesize other macromolecules. The profit margin is greater on protein-based drugs. Proteins play vital roles within cells, which allow cells to function. Proteins are much easier to produce than other molecules.

Proteins play vital roles within cells, which allow cells to function.

Human proteins can be produced by cells in the milk-producing mammary glands of transgenic mammals if the regulatory sequence of a milk gene is used to produce the recombinant gene. What is the benefit of inducing human protein production within the mammary glands of a transgenic mammal? Only milk regulatory sequences can be used to produce human proteins. Mammals are easier to work with than yeast. Proteins produced in milk are easy to harvest. Cells in mammary glands make fewer mistakes in transcription than other tissues.

Proteins produced in milk are easy to harvest.

Which statement is NOT part of cellular transcription? The finished mRNA strand leaves the nucleus. The mRNA synthesis is complementary. Ribosomes bind to the newly formed mRNA strand. RNA polymerase binds to the DNA regulatory sequence. The mRNA strand detaches from the DNA template as it forms.

Ribosomes bind to the newly formed mRNA strand.

Which statement is NOT an example for how GMOs aid health care? Silk worms produce supports for growing tissues. Bacteria given the human insulin gene produce insulin. Gene therapy can prevent inherited genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis. Yeast-generated silk is the starting material for sutures and bandages.

Silk worms produce supports for growing tissues.

Which characteristic does not justify yeast as the preferred organism for genetically engineered silk production? They emit CO2 as a waste product. They are eukaryotic cells. They are economical. They grow in vats.

They emit CO2 as a waste product.

Where do scientists acquire the DNA used in genetic engineering? They purify it from the desired end product. They isolate the DNA from the original organism. They synthesize the DNA in the laboratory. They purchase it from a cloning laboratory. They isolate the DNA from the original organism or synthesize it from scratch.

They isolate the DNA from the original organism or synthesize it from scratch.

What ethical problem(s) exist concerning genetically engineered organisms in farming? Transgenic plants may cross fertilize with wild-type. Transgenic corn may be toxic to beetles. Transgenic plants may be unhealthy for people and animals. Transgenic plants may be unhealthy and may produce uncontrolled spread of hybrid plants. Transgenic soybeans may be toxic to insects.

Transgenic plants may be unhealthy and may produce uncontrolled spread of hybrid plants.

Denaturation affects the bonds between amino acids in a protein. Would you expect denaturation to affect the function of a protein? Yes, altering the bonds between amino acids changes the shape of a protein and alters its function. No, the function of a protein is encoded in one's DNA and is not controlled by amino acids. No, to change the function of a protein, you must change the mRNA codons used to produce the protein. No, the bonds between amino acids do not control the shape or function of a protein. Yes, altering the bonds between amino acids will lead to changes in the genes within a cell.

Yes, altering the bonds between amino acids changes the shape of a protein and alters its function.

Would exchanging a hydrophilic amino acid with a hydrophobic amino acid in the sequence of a protein alter the shape of that protein? No, only the function of the protein would change. Yes, hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids interact with water in opposite ways. No, one amino acid difference is not enough to alter the structure. Yes, each amino acid has a different core that will interact with the surroundings differently

Yes, hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids interact with water in opposite ways.

If one were to attempt gene therapy, would a recombinant form of the insulin gene be needed? Yes, a human regulatory sequence and the healthy coding sequence would be needed, so that human RNA polymerase will transcribe the gene properly. No, only the human regulatory sequence would be needed to ensure proper insulin production. Yes, it would be necessary to ensure that the regulatory sequence attaches directly to the coding sequence for transcription to occur. No, only the human coding sequence would be needed because the patient's regulatory sequence isn't the problem.

Yes, it would be necessary to ensure that the regulatory sequence attaches directly to the coding sequence for transcription to occur.

Spider silk is a useful product for humans because: it can be used as an insulin replacement in humans with diabetes. it is inflexible. it can be produced by yeast. a kilogram of spider silk is stronger than steel of the same weight.

a kilogram of spider silk is stronger than steel of the same weight.

Two different proteins have different amino acid sequences. These proteins will have: the same shape. the same function. different shapes and different functions. different shapes with the same function. the same shape with different functions.

different shapes and different functions.

To produce a human gene in goat's milk, you would fuse:

regulatory elements from a protein produced in goat's milk to the coding region of the human gene.

A purified protein is working well in a laboratory test. The researcher adds a new chemical to the mixture in the test tube and notices that the protein stops working. Upon further investigation, the researcher is able to determine that the protein still has its normal sequence of amino acids. The protein must have had a change in its: ribosomes. shape. mRNA. DNA. tRNA.

shape.

Which substitution would you expect to have the LEAST impact on the shape of a protein? substituting a hydrophobic amino acid with a hydrophilic amino acid substituting a hydrophilic amino acid with a hydrophobic amino acid increasing the length of the amino acid chain by one amino acid reducing the length of the amino acid chain by one amino acid substituting a hydrophobic amino acid with a hydrophobic amino acid

substituting a hydrophobic amino acid with a hydrophobic amino acid

Human proteins can be produced by cells in the milk-producing mammary glands of transgenic mammals if the regulatory sequence of a milk gene is used to produce the recombinant gene. Why is it important to use the regulatory sequence of a milk gene when constructing a recombinant gene used to produce a human protein secreted in milk? The regulatory sequence controls: the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. whether ribosomes recognize mRNA. the location of gene expression. the identity of a protein produced.

the location of gene expression.

What is a benefit of genetically modified plants? to create transgenic plants that contain genes for natural pesticides to create photosynthetic silk for the manufacture of lighter and stronger solar panels to create transgenic plants that emit toxic gases as a biological warfare effort to insert the human insulin gene to mass produce medication for chronic diseases.

to create transgenic plants that contain genes for natural pesticides

What is the function of the spidroin coding sequence of DNA in a spider? to determine the identity of the protein produced to determine the amount of protein produced to provide a site where regulatory molecules can bind to determine the location where a protein is produced to determine when a protein is produced

to determine the identity of the protein produced

If a section of messenger RNA has the sequence UCAGUC, what is the corresponding sequence on the complementary DNA? TCAGTC Not enough information is provided to determine the corresponding sequence. GTCTCA UCAGUC AGTCAG

AGTCAG

Why is it considered more ethical to use gene therapy in an adult to treat a genetic disease instead of modifying the genes in a human embryo? Adults can weigh the pros and cons and consent to the procedure. Modifying genes in an embryo is not an effective way to treat genetic diseases. Future generations will not be affected by genetic changes in an embryo. Genetic changes in an embryo are not permanent.

Adults can weigh the pros and cons and consent to the procedure.

Which statement is NOT true of the shape of proteins? A spider spidroin gene expressed in a yeast cell is identical in shape to spidroin produced in a spider. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by a person's genes. All humans are genetically identical and, therefore, produce identical proteins. Proteins fold into three-dimensional shapes determined by the sequence of amino acids in the chain. The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein determines its function.

All humans are genetically identical and, therefore, produce identical proteins.

What structural feature makes an enzyme or antibody different from a silk protein? Nearly 90% of an enzyme consists of alanine to provide toughness. An enzyme has a uniform structure. An enzyme has structural complexity, which provides a ligand binding pocket An enzyme has a preponderance of β sheets that provide strength.

An enzyme has structural complexity, which provides a ligand binding pocket

How is inserting an herbicide-resistant gene into a crop plant beneficial to humans? Farmers can use less pesticide spray on crops. Weeds in a field can be killed with less herbicide. An herbicide can be sprayed without damaging the crop. Crops that are herbicide resistant require less water.

An herbicide can be sprayed without damaging the crop.

A new genetic engineering technique called _____ has been used in China to alter the genome of a human embryo. CRISPR transcription GMO PCR

CRISPR

How do you think replacing one amino acid in a protein with another amino acid would affect the shape of that protein? Changing one amino acid always changes the shape. Only changing one amino acid will never affect the shape. The protein will not be as tightly coiled. The protein will coil more tightly. Changing one amino acid may or may not change the shape of the protein.

Changing one amino acid may or may not change the shape of the protein.

Which statement is true regarding genetic engineering? Genetically modified corn and soybeans enables cows to produce more milk. Insulin production commonly uses genetically modified corn. Many of the soybeans grown in the United States for animal feed are transgenic. Using CRISPR to modify the human genome to cure cystic fibrosis is a common practice.

Many of the soybeans grown in the United States for animal feed are transgenic.

What novel genetic engineering experiments may be in the future for silk? Modifications to the spider genes may generate silk that is more durable and more elastic. Modifying the spider coding genes could speed up silk production. The spider silk genes could be transferred to a mammal. The spider regulatory sequence may be utilized along with the coding sequence.

Modifications to the spider genes may generate silk that is more durable and more elastic.

Which statement does NOT describe proteins? Proteins are translated into an mRNA sequence. Proteins fold into specific shapes based on their amino acid sequence. Proteins may be made from more than one folded amino acid chain. Proteins lose their function if their shape is altered. Proteins include amino acids with 20 different side chains.

Proteins are translated into an mRNA sequence.

What concerns might a person diagnosed with cystic fibrosis have while considering gene therapy? The possibility of releasing GMOs into the wild population may have negative environmental effects. Eating GMOs may have a negative impact on health. Gene therapy may convert the person into a superhero. Tampering with the human genome may raise ethical questions.

Tampering with the human genome may raise ethical questions.

Which scenario could be the result of a single nucleotide change in the coding sequence of DNA? The protein could be produced in a different tissue. The function of the protein could change. The amount of gene expression could change. The protein controlled could be produced at a slower rate.

The function of the protein could change

Phospholipids, molecules found within a cell membrane, have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads. These regions act in the same manner that hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids act. When phospholipids are found as a sphere in a glass of water, which of the following would you expect? The hydrophobic tails will point toward the water, and the hydrophilic heads will point away from the water. The hydrophilic heads will point toward the water, and the hydrophobic tails will point away from the water. Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails will both point toward the water. The hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads will be arranged randomly.

The hydrophobic tails will point toward the water, and the hydrophilic heads will point away from the water.

Which of these could be possible if a single nucleotide in the regulatory sequence of DNA controlling transcription was changed? The amino acid sequence in the protein could change. The function of the protein could change. The shape of the protein could change. The protein controlled could be produced at a faster rate.

The protein controlled could be produced at a faster rate.

A 310-amino acid protein has a UGA codon replacing the normal codon at position 250. What effect will this have on the protein?

The protein will be ~60 amino acids shorter than usual.

Where would you expect to find the amino acid leucine in a protein structure? on the surface of a protein, interacting with water interacting with other amino acids in the interior of a protein in the nonrepetitive regions that flank core repeated sequences forming the more flexible parts of the protein to confer elasticity

interacting with other amino acids in the interior of a protein

Translation is the process of using _____ to make _____. DNA; mRNA DNA; proteins protein; mRNA mRNA; proteins mRNA; DNA

mRNA; proteins

A scientist is interested in making a rice plant that produces a vaccine protein in the rice. This would mean that vaccinations could be accomplished by eating rice, which does not require refrigeration. The BEST approach would be to fuse the _____ with the _____. coding sequence of a rice gene; regulatory sequence of the vaccine protein gene coding sequence of a rice gene; regulatory sequence of a rice gene vaccine protein coding sequence; regulatory sequence of a rice gene vaccine protein coding sequence; regulatory sequence of the vaccine protein gene

vaccine protein coding sequence; regulatory sequence of a rice gene