Chapter 8: Body Structure and Function

What are the three layers of the heart?

- The pericardium is the outer layer. - The myocardium is the second layer. - The endocardium is the inner layer.

What are the three layers of the eye?

- The sclera, the white of the eye, is the outer layer. - The choroid is the second layer. (Blood vessels, the ciliary muscle, and the iris make up the choroid.) - The retina is the inner layer. (It has receptors for vision and the nerve fibers of the optic nerve._

The _________ is the control center of the cell A.) Nucleus B.) Cytoplasm C.) Protoplasm D.) Chromosome

A.) Nucleus

The control center of a cell is the: A.) Nucleus B.) Cytoplasm C.) Cell membrane D.) Chromosome

A.) Nucleus

The female sex gland is the A.) Ovary B.) Cervix C.) Uterus D.) Vagina

A.) Ovary

Muscles are A.) Voluntary and involuntary B.) Voluntary C.) Involuntary D.) Passive

A.) Voluntary and involuntary

Integumentary system

skin

ejaculatory duct

small duct that connects the vas deferens to the urethra

venules

small veins

What are male sex cells called?

sperm cells

seminal vesicle

store sperm and produce semen.

striated

striped or streaked (muscles)

antigens

substances that cause an immune response. Antibodies recognize and bind with unwanted antigens. This leads to the destruction of unwanted substances and the production of more antibodies.

scrotum

suspended between the thighs in a sac made of skin and muscle containing the testes (testicles/gonads)

Where are male sex cells produced?

testes (testicles/gonads)

Where is testosterone produced?

testes (testicles/gonads)

metabolism

the burning of food for heat and energy by the cells

What are the four main parts of the urinary system?

the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange A.) In the bronchi B.) Between the alveoli and capillaries C.) Between the lungs and pleura D.) In the trachea

B.) Between the alveoli and capillaries

The immune system protects the body from A.) Low blood sugar B.) Disease and infection C.) Loss of fluid D.) Stunted growth

B.) Disease and infection

The outer layer of the skin is called the A.) Dermis B.) Epidermis C.) Integument D.) Myelin

B.) Epidermis

Urine is formed by the A.) Jejunum B.) Kidneys C.) Bladder D.) Liver

B.) Kidneys

Which blood cells help to fight infection? A.) Erythrocytes B.) Leukocytes C.) Platelets D.) Hemoglobin

B.) Leukocytes

Which is not part of the integumentary system? A.) The epidermis B.) Ligaments C.) Oil glands D.) Nails

B.) Ligaments

Where does digestion start? A.) Stomach B.) Mouth C.) Small intestines D.) Large intestines

B.) Mouth

Most food absorption takes place in the A.) Stomach B.) Small intestine C.) Colon D.) Large intestine

B.) Small intestine

The central nervous system consists of A.) The brain, cerebellum, and cranial nerves B.) The brain and spinal chord C.) The cerebrum, pons, and medulla D.) The cerebrum, brainstem, and vertebral column

B.) The brain and spinal chord

Urine passes from the body through the A.) Ureters B.) Urethra C.) Anus D.) Nephrons

B.) Urethra

uterus

a hollow, muscular organ shaped like a pear. It is in the center of the pelvic cavity behind the bladder and in front of the rectum. The uterus serves as a place for the fetus (unborn baby) to grow and receive nourishment.

hymen

a membrane that ruptures when the female has intercourse for the first time.

What causes the body to produce antibodies?

antigens

Red blood cells (RBCs)

are called erythrocytes filled with oxygen.

White bood cells (WBCs)

are called leukocytes that protect the body from infection.

Platelets

are called thrombocytes and they are needed for blood clotting.

Where are red and white blood cells produced?

bone marrow

What do the four parathyroid glands secrete?

parathormone Two lie on each side of the thyroid gland. Parathormone regulates calcium use.

What two systems are the gonads involved in?

reproductive system and the endocrine system.

What happens if there is not enough TH, thyroxin?

results in slowed body processes, slowed movements, and weight gain.

What frameworks protects the lungs?

ribs, sternum, and vertebrae

Which part of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

right ventricle

What are the five sense?

sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.

What are the different functions of the circulatory system?

- Blood carries food, oxygen, and other substances to the cells. - Blood removes waste products from cells. - Blood and blood vessels help regulate body temperature. - The system produces and carries cells that defend the body from microbes that cause disease.

Brainstem

- Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord - Contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

Periphreal Nervous System (PNS)

- Contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves - Cranial nerves conduct impulses between the brain and the head, neck, chest, and abdomen. - Spinal nerves carry impulses from the skin, extremities, and the internal structures not supplied by cranial nerves. - Some peripheral nerves form the autonomic nervous system.

Automatic Nervous System (ANS)

- Controls involuntary muscles and certain body functions that occur automatically. - Divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. - The sympathetic nervous system speeds up functions. - The parasympathetic nervous system slows functions.

What are the different types of tissues?

- Epithelial tissue (covers internal and external body surfaces. Tissue ling the nose, mouth, respiratory tract, stomach, and intestines. So are the skin, hair, nails, and glands.) - Connective tissue (anchors, connects and supports other tissues. Bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Blood is a form of connective tissue.) - Muscle tissue (stretches and contracts to let the body move.) - Nerve tissue (receives and carries impulses to the brain and back to body parts.)

What are the three parts of the ear?

- External ear (pinna or auricle. Sound waves guided into the auditory canal) - Middle ear (contains the eustachian tube) - Inner ear (contains the semicircular canals and the cochlea)

What are the three types of joints?

1.) Ball-and-socket joint (allows movement in all directions. Hips and shoulders) 2.) Hinge joint (allows movement in one direction. The elbow.) 3.) Pivot joint (allows turning from side to side. Connects the skull to the spine.)

Name the structures of of a cell?

1.) Cell membrane (is the outer covering. It encloses the cell and helps it hold its shape.) 2.) Cytoplasm (surrounds the nucleus. Cytoplasm contains smaller structures that perform cell functions.) 3.) Nucleus (is the control center of the cell. It directs the cell's activities. It is the center of the cell. It also controls cell reproduction.)

What are the four types of bones?

1.) Long bones (bear the body's weight. Leg bones.) 2.) Short bones (allow skill and ease in movement. Bones in the wrist, fingers, ankles, and toes.) 3.) Flat bones (protect the organs. Ribs, skull, pelvic bones, and shoulder blades.) 4.) Irregular bones (vertebrae in the spinal column. Allows various degrees of movement and flexibility.)

What are the three functions of muscles?

1.) Movement of body parts 2.) Maintenance of posture 3.) Production of body heat

How long is the spinal cord?

17-18 inches long

How many bones does the human body have?

206 bones

How many chromosomes are there in a cell?

46 chromosomes

artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

vein

A blood vessel that returns blood to the heart

hormone

A chemical substance secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream

Bone marrow

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells

capillary

A tiny blood vessel; food, oxygen, and other substances pass from the capillaries into the cells

What is the pathway of sound through the ear?

First the Sound waves are guided into the external ear (pinna or auricle) to the auditory canal. Second the sound waves travel to the eardrum (tympanic membrane). Third it enters the middle ear that contains the eustachian tube and three small bones called ossicles. Air enters the eustachian tube so that there is equal pressure on both sides of the eardrum. The ossicles amplify sound received from the eardrum and transmit the sound to the inner ear. Fourth, the fluid inside the cohlea carries sound waves from the middle ear to the acoustic nerve. Fifth, The acousitic nerve then carries the message to the brain.

Which body system is the largest?

Integumentary system

What are the smaller structures contained inside of the cytoplasm of a cell?

It contains smaller structures that perform cell functions such as: - Protoplasm (semiliquid substance much like an egg white) - Chromosomes (threadlike structures in the nucleus. There are 46 chromosomes that contain genes.) - Genes (control the traits children inherit from their parents. Height, eye color, and skin color)

What is the pathway of light through the eye?

Light enters the eye through the cornea. It is the transparent part of the outer layer that lies over the eye. Light rays pass to the lens, which lies behind the pupil. The light is then reflected to the retina. Light is carried to the brain by the optic nerve.

Why is mitosis needed?

Mitosis is needed for tissue growth and repair.

immunity

Protection against a disease or condition; the person will not get or be affected by the disease

RBC

Red blood cell

What part of the cell controls cell reproduction?

The nucleus controls cell reproduction.

What happens to the eye when you are in dim or dark places?

The pupil dilates (widens) in dim or dark places

hemoglobin

The substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its color

What structure inside of the ear is involved with balance?

The three semicircular canals are involved with balance. They sense the head's position and changes in position. They send messages to the brain.

cerumen

a waxy substance secreted from glands in the auditory canal (ear wax).

cartlige

connective tissue at the end of the long bones. It cushions the joint so that the bone ends do not rub together.

What does the medulla control?

controls heart rate, breathing, blood vessel size, swallowing, coughing and vomiting.

Integument

covering

How does sweat glands help the body?

help the body regulate temperature.

How does oil glands help the body?

helps keep the hair and skin soft and shiny.

What gives the eye its color?

iris

vitreous humor

is behind the lens. It is a gelatin-like substance that supports the retina and maintains the eye's shape.

joints

is the point at which two or more bones meet.

cerebrospinal fluid

it is fluid in the arachnoid space. It circulates around the brain and spinal cord protects the central nervous system. It cushions shock that could easily injure the brain and spinal cord structures.

synovial membrane

lines the joints. It secrets synovial fluid. The fluid acts as a lubricant so the joint can move smoothly.

cochlea

looks like a snail shell. It contains fluid. The fluid carries sound waves from the middle ear to the acoustic nerve.

How does hair help the body?

protects organs such as the nose, ears, and eyes from dust, insects and other foreign objects.

Musculoskeletal system

provides the framework for the body. It lets the body move. It also protects and gives the body shape.

aqueous chamber

seperates the cornea from the lens. The chamber is filled with a fluid called aqueous humor.

auditory canal

the area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum

How many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves does the peripheral nervous system have?

the peripheral nervous system has 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

What happens when muscles contract when you move?

they burn food for energy and heat is produced

subcutaneous tissue

thick layer of fat and connective tissue that supports the epidermis and the dermis.

ova

female sex cells called eggs

mammary glands

(breasts) secrete milk after childbirth. The glands are on the outside of the chest. They are made up of glandular tissue.

What are the three groups of blood vessels?

- Arteries carry blood away from the heart. - Capillaries connect to arterioles and venules. They pass food, oxygen, and other substances to cells. They also and pick up waste products - Veins carry waste products back to the heart.

The Digestive System (Gastrointestinal System)

- Breaks down food physically and chemically so it can be absorbed for use by the cells (digestion) - Removes solid wastes from the body

What are the two phases of heart action?

- Diastole is the resting phase. (heart chambers fill with blood) - Systole is the working phase. (the heart contracts. Blood pumped through the blood vessels when the heart contracts)

heart

- Is a muscle - Pumps blood through the blood vessels to the tissues and cells - Lies in the middle to lower part of the chest cavity toward the left side

What are the two types of immunity?

- Specific immunity (the body's reaction to a certain threat - Nonspecific immunity (is the body's reaction to anything it does not recognize as a normal body substance.

What are two main viens?

- inferior vena cava (carries blood from the legs and trunk) - superior vena cava (carries blood from the head and arms)

What are the external female genitalia?

- mons pubis is a rounded, fatty pad over a bone called the symphysis pubis. The mons pubis is covered with hair in the adult female. - labia majora and labia minora are two folds of tissue on each side of the vaginal opening. - The clitoris is a small organ composed of erectile tissue. It becomes hard when sexually stimulated.

What are the different glands of the endocrine system?

- pituitary - thyroid - parathyroids - adrenal glands - pancreas - gonads.

What are the different valves in the heart?

- tricuspid valve (is between the right atrium and the right ventricle) - mitral valve or bicuspid valve (is between the left atrium and the left ventricle)

What is the path of blood flow through the heart?

1. Blood returns from the body through the inferior vena cava 2. Right atrium 3. Tricuspid valve 4. Right Ventricle 5. Pulmonic Valve (SL) 6. Pulmonary artery (to lungs) 7. Pulmonary vein (from lungs) 8. Left atrium 9. bicuspid/Mitral valve (AV) 10. Left ventricle 11. Aortic valve 12. Blood flows out to the body

How many white blood cells are there in the body?

5,000-10,000

How many muscles are in the human body?

500 muscles

How long do white blood cells live?

9 days

What is the pathway for food when swallowing?

1.) During swallowing the tongue pushes food into the pharynx. Contraction of the pharynx pushes food into the esophagus. 2.) Involuntary muscle contractions move food down the esophagus into the stomach. 3.) In the stomach, food is mixed and churned with gastric juices to form a semi-liquid substance called chyme. 4.) The colon absorbs most of the water from the chyme. The remaining semi-solid material is called feces. Feces pass through the colon into the rectum by peristalsis, then out of the body through the anus.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

1.) Right atrium (receives blood from body tissue) 2.) Left atrium (receives blood from the lungs) 3.) Right ventricle (pumps blood to the lungs for oxygen) 4.) Left ventricle (pumps blood to all parts of the body)

What is the pathway of sperm?

1.) Sperm travels from the testis to the epididymis. 2.) From the epididymis, sperm travel through a tube called the vas deferens. 3.) The vas deferens joins a seminal vesicle. 4.) The ducts of the seminal vesicles (store sperm and produce semen.) unite to form the ejaculatory duct. 5.) It passes through the prostate gland (The prostate gland lies just below the bladder. The gland secrets fluid into the semen.). 6.) the ejaculatory ducts leave the prostate, they join the urethra. 7.) It passes to the urethra (contained in the penis). 8.) The sperm is released through the opening of the penis.

What is the pathway for urine in the urinary system?

1.) Urine is formed by 1 million tiny nephrons of a process of glomerulus filtration in the kidneys 2.) The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. 3.) Urine is stored in the bladder until the need to urinate is felt. 4.) Urine passes from the bladder through the urethra. 5.) Urine passes from the body through the meatus (the opening at the end of the urethra).

What is the pathway of ovum?

1.) When an ovum is released from an ovary, it travels through a fallopian tube. There are two fallopian tubes, one on each side. The tubes are attached at one end to the uterus. 2.) The ovum travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus. 3.) The sex cells from the male and female unite into one cell, that cell implants into the endometrium. There the cell grows into a baby.

What is the pathway for air to enter the body?

1.) nose 2.) pharynx (throat) 3.) larynx (voice box) 4.) epiglottis (lifts up to let air pass) 5.) trachea (windpipe) 6.) right bronchus and the left bronchus 7.) lungs 8.) bronchioles 9.) alveoli 10.) capillaries *Then it all goes to the circulatory system

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2 (superior and inferior)

How many platelets are there in the body?

200,000 - 400,000

How many red blood cells are there in the body?

25 trillion

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3 (superior, middle, inferior)

How long to red blood cells live?

3 - 4 months

How long do platelets live?

4 days

tissue

A group of cells with simliar functions

The endocrine glands secrete A.) Hormones B.) Mucus C.) Semen D.) Insulin

A.) Hormones

Vas Deferens (sperm duct)

A muscular tube that carries mature sperm from the epididymis seminal vesicle

fallopian tube

A tube that connects the ovary to the uterus

Digestion begins in the A.) Mouth B.) Stomach C.) Small intestine D.) Colon

A.) Mouth

The basic unit of body structure is the A.) Cell B.) Neuron C.) Nephron D.) Ovum

A.) Cell

The highest functions in the brain take place in the A.) Cerebral cortex B.) Medulla C.) Brainstem D.) Spinal cord

A.) Cerebral cortex

Which is the largest part of the brain? A.) Cerebrum B.) Cerebellum C.) Spinal cord D.) Brainstem

A.) Cerebrum

Which are slower messengers: Hormones or nerve impulses?

Hormones are slower messengers than nerve impulses.

The human body has more than A.) 300 muscles B.) 500 muscles C.) 800 muscles D.) 1000 muscles

B.) 500 muscles

The ear is involved with A.) Regulating body movements B.) Balance C.) Smoothness of body movements D.) Controlling involuntary movements

B.) Balance

What protects the kidney's?

Are protected by the lower edge of the rib cage

kidneys

Are two bean-shaped organs in the upper abdomen that filter the blood so that waste products are excreted in urine.

respiratory system

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide.

blood vessels

Blood flows to body tissues and cells through the blood vessels.

ligaments

Bones are held together at the joint by strong bands of connective tissue

The pancreas secretes A.) Estrogen B.) Hormones C) Insulin D.) Glucocorticoids

C) Insulin

The peripheral nervous system has A.) 8 pairs of cranial nerves B.) 10 pairs of cranial nerves C.) 12 pairs of cranial nerves D.) 16 pairs of cranial nerves

C.) 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Skeletal muscles A.) Are under involuntary control B.) Appear smooth C.) Are under voluntary control D.) Appear striped and smooth

C.) Are under voluntary control

The type of tissue that anchors and supports other tissues is: A.) Muscle tissue B.) Nerve tissue C.) Connective tissue D.) Epithelial tissue

C.) Connective tissue

The process by which the body burns food for heat and energy for the cells is called: A.) Respiration B.) Peristalsis C.) Metabolism D.) Digestion

C.) Metabolism

Once air is inhaled through the nose, what is the next structure through which the air passes? A.) Larynx B.) Bronchus C.) Pharynx D.) Trachea

C.) Pharynx

The liquid part of the blood is the A.) Hemoglobin B.) Red blood cell C.) Plasma D.) White blood cell

C.) Plasma

The male sex gland is called the A.) Penis B.) Semen C.) Testis D.) Scrotum

C.) Testis

Through which structure does urine flow from the kidney to the bladder? A.) Glomerulus B.) Urethra C.) Ureter D.) Tubule

C.) Ureter

Why is calcium needed for the body?

Calcium is needed for nerve and muscle function.

urethra (female)

Carries urine out of the body.

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Cause the production of antibodies that circulate in the plasma. The antibodies react to specific antigens.

What do cells need to live and function?

Cells need food, water, and oxygen to live and function

How does a cell reproduce?

Cells reproduce by dividing in half. The process of cell division is called mitosis 1.) the 46 chromosomes arrange themselves in 23 pairs 2.) as the cell divides, the 23 pairs are pulled in half 3.) The two new cells are identical. Each has 46 chromosomes.

tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Which carry blood away from the heart? A.) Capillaries B.) Veins C.) Venules D.) Arteries

D.) Arteries

The basic unit of the body structure is the A.) Atom B.) Nucleus C.) Gene D.) Cell

D.) Cell

Which is not a type of bone? A.) Long B.) Short C.) Flat D.) Curved

D.) Curved

What types of bones are the vertebrae? A.) Long bones B.) Short bones C.) Flat bones D.) Irregular bones

D.) Irregular bones

Which is not a function of the skin? A.) It is the body's protective covering. B.) It helps regulate body temperature. C.) It protects organs from injury. D.) It provides the framework for the body.

D.) It provides the framework for the body.

Which part of the heart pumps blood to the body? A.) Right atrium B.) Left atrium C.) Right ventricle D.) Left ventricle

D.) Left ventricle

The discharge of the lining of the uterus is called A.) The endometrium B.) Ovulation C.) Fertilization D.) Menstruation

D.) Menstruation

Which is not a function of the skin? A.) Provides the protective covering for the body B.) Regulates body temperature C.) Senses cold, pain, touch, and pressure D.) Provides the shape and framework of the body

D.) Provides the shape and framework of the body

What chamber of the heart receives blood back from the body? A.) Left atrium B.) Left ventricle C.) Right ventricle D.) Right atrium

D.) Right atrium

The male sex cell is the A.) Semen B.) Ovum C.) Gonad D.) Sperm

D.) Sperm

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

Each kidney has more than a million tiny nephrons.

neuphron

Each nephron is the basic working unit of the kidney.

What does the female sex glands (ovaries) secrete?

Female sex glands (ovaries) secrete estrogen and progesterone.

erectile tissue

Fills with blood when the male is sexually excited.

GI

Gastrointestinal

What do glucocorticoids regulate?

Glucocorticoids regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates and control the body's response to stress and inflammation.

How are organs formed?

Groups of tissue with the same function

organ

Groups of tissues with the same function

Menustration

If pregnancy does not occur, the endometrium breaks up and is discharged from the body.

immunity

Immunity means that a person has protection against a disease or condition.

tetany

Insufficient amounts of calcium (a state of severe muscle contraction and spasm). If left untreated, tetany can cause death.

What happens if there is not enough insulin secreted from the pancreas?

Insulin is needed for sugar to enter the cells. If there is too little insulin, sugar cannot enter the cells.

What does insulin regulate?

Insulin regulates the amount of sugar in the blood available for use by the cells.

aorta

Largest artery in the body. It receives blood directly from the left ventricle.

What does the male sex glands (testes secrete?

Male sex glands (testes) secrete testosterone.

testosterone

Male sex hormone

What do mineralocorticoids regulate?

Mineralocorticoids regulate the amount of salt and water that is absorbed and lost by the kidneys.

The urinary System

Removes waste products from the blood and maintains water balance within the body

system

Organs that work together to perform special functions

What does parathormone regulate?

Parathormone regulates calcium use.

glandular tissue

Produces substances such as enzymes and hormones to secrete milk to the nipple.

What are the special cells and substances that produce immunity?

Special cells and substances function to produce immunity: - Antibodies - antigens - Phagocytes - Lymphocytes - B lymphocytes (B cells) - T lymphocytes (T cells) - Killer T cells

venous blood

deoxygenated blood.

What hormone is needed for male reproductive organ function?

Testosterone

What hormone is needed for the development of the male secondary sex characteristics that include facial hair; pubic and axillary (underarm hair; arm, chest, and leg hair; and increase neck and shoulder sizes?

Testosterone

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

The adrenal cortex secretes: - Glucocorticoids - Mineralocorticoids - Small amounts of male and female sex hormones

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?

The adrenal gland has two parts: the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

What is the adrenal medulla's hormone function?

The adrenal medulla's hormones stimulate the body to quickly produce energy during emergencies (the fight or flight response). Heart rate, blood pressure, muscle power, and energy all increase.

alimentary canal (GI tract)

The alimentary canal is a long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus.

What does the anterior pituitary lob secrete?

The anterior pituitary lobe secretes: - Growth hormone (GH) - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Hormones that regulate growth, development, and function of the male and female reproductive systems

cell

The basic unit of body structure

blood

The blood consists of blood cells and plasma.

metabolism

The burning of food for heat and energy by the cells

Vagina

The cervix of the uterus projects into a muscular canal.The vagina opens to the outside of the body. It is just behind the urethra. The vagina receives the penis during intercourse. It also is part of the birth canal.

circulatory system

The circulatory system is made up of the blood, heart, and blood vessels.

Which layer of the skin makes up blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and oil glands or hair roots?

The dermis

What does the digestive system consists of?

The digestive system involves the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal [GI] tract) and the accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) of digestion.

the endocrine system

The endocrine system is made up of glands called the endocrine glands. The endocrine glands secrete chemical substances called hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones regulate the activities of other organs and glands in the body.

gonads

The gonads are the glands of human reproduction.

What are the lungs made of?

The lungs are spongy tissues. Each lung is divided into lobes.

cervix

The neck or narrow/opening section of the uterus

How much urine is in the bladder for the need to urinate?

The need to urinate usually occurs when there is about a half pint (250 milliliters [mL]) of urine in the bladder.

Nervous system

The nervous system controls, directs, and coordinates body functions.

pituitary gland

The pituitary gland is called the master gland. It is at the base of the brain behind the eyes.

What does the posterior pituitary lob secrete?

The posterior pituitary lobe secretes: - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Oxytocin

menstruation

The process in which the lining of the uterus breaks up and is discharged from the body through the vagina

digestion

The process of physically and chemically breaking down food so it can be absorbed for use by the cells

respiration

The process of supplying the cells with oygen and removing carbon dioxide from them

What happens when light enters the eye?

The pupil constricts (narrows) in bright light

arachnoid space

The space between the middle layer (arachnoid) and the inner layer (pia mater). This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

parathyroid glands (thyroid)

The thyroid gland is in the neck in front of the larynx.

What does the thyroid gland or parathyroid gland secrete?

The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxin).

fertilization

The uniting of the sperm and ovum into one cell

ureters

The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

adrenal gland

There are two adrenal glands. One is on the top of each kidney.

Why are male and female reproductive systems different?

This allows for the process of reproduction

What is the function of the thyroid or parathyroid gland?

Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism. (burning of food for heat and energy by the cells)

endometrium

Tissue lining the uterus

What must happen for a woman to reporduce?

To reproduce, a male sex cell (sperm) must unite with a female sex cell (ovum).

What happens during the immune response?

When the body senses an antigen from an unwanted substance, the immune system acts. Phagocyte and lymphocyte production increases. Phagocytes destroy the invaders through digestion. The lymphocytes produce antibodies that identify and destroy the unwanted substances.

Where is urine stored?

Urine is stored in the bladder until the need to urinate is felt.

urethra

Urine passes from the bladder through the urethra.

meautus

Urine passes from the body through the meatus (the opening at the end of the urethra).

WBC

White blood cell

myelin sheath

a protective covering of the nerve fibers. They conduct impulses faster than those fibers without it.

pleura

a two-layered sac covering the lungs

Prostate gland

adds a chemical fluid to the semen

ovaries

also called gonads. An ovary is on each side of the uterus in the abdominal cavity.

testes

also called testicles or gonads. They are the male sex glands.

tympanic membrane

eardrum

inspiration

breathing in (inhalation)

expiration

breathing out (exhalation)

How is light carried to the brain?

by the optic nerve.

What happens if there is too much TH, thyroxcin?

causes increased metabolism, excess energy, and weight loss.

T lymphocytes (T cells)

cells that destroy invading cells.

What is the organization of the body?

cells, tissues, organs, systems

eustachian tube

connects the middle ear and throat.

Where are red blood cells destroyed?

destroyed by the liver and spleen as they wear out.

What separates the lungs from the abdominal cavity?

diaphragm

What is the automatic nervous system divided into?

divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

What hormone is needed for the development of secondary sex characteristics such as increased breast size, pubic and axillary (underarm) hair, slight deepening of the voice, and widening and rounding of the hips?

estrogen and progesterone

what is the hormone that ovaries secrete needed for reproductive function?

estrogen and progesterone

aqueous humor

fluid that helps the cornea keep its shape and position.

pigment

gives skin its color

What does the pancreas secrete?

insulin

peristalsis

involuntary muscle contractions in the digestive system that move food down the esophagus through the alimentary canal

Epididymis

is a coiled tube on top and to the side of the testis.

When is an ovum released?

is released monthly during the woman's reproductive years.

Respiration

is the process of supplying the cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from them.

What is the pathway of light through the eye?

light through the eye to the cornea - aqueous humor - through pupil - lens - vitreous humor - retina - optic nerve - brain - the occipital lobe

Do organs have only one function or more than one function?

more than one function

Where does digestion begin?

mouth

What are the major parts of the digestive system?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Antibodies

normal body substances that recognize other substances. They are involved in destroying abnormal or unwanted substances.

ovum

one egg

valves

prevent back flow of blood. They are between the atria and ventricles.

Killer T cells

produce poisons near the invading cells.

How does nails help the body?

protect the tips of the fingers and toes. They help fingers pick up and handle small objects.

Immune system

protects the body from disease and infection

ovulation

release of an ovum

Periosteum

the membrane that surrounds bone. It contains blood vessels that supply bone cells with oxygen and food.

arteriole

the smallest branch of an artery

Reproductive system

the union of a male sex cell and a female sex cell.

fetus

unborn baby

What is sweat made of?

water, salt, and small amount of wastes.

Phagocytes

white blood cells that digested and destroy microorganism and other unwanted substances and the production of more antibodies.

Lymphocytes

white blood cells that produce antibodies. Their production increases as the body responds to an infection.

diabetes

•Insulin is needed for sugar to enter the cells. If sugar cannot enter the cells, excess amounts of sugar build up in the blood. This condition is called diabetes.

What are different function that the skin provides?

- It is the body's protective covering - It prevents microogansms and other substances from entering the body - It prevents excess amounts of water from leaving the body - It protects organs from injury - Nerve endings n the skin sense both pleasant and unpleasant stimulation. Nerve endings are over the entire body. They sense cold, pain, touch, and pressure to protect the body from injury - It helps regulate body temperature. Blood vessels dilate (widen) when the temperature outside the body is high. More blood is brought to the body surface for cooling during evaporation. When blood vessels constrict (narrow), the body retains heat, because less blood reaches the skin.

Cerebellum

- Regulates and coordinates body movements - Controls balance and the smooth movements of voluntary muscles

What are the three main parts of the brain?

- The cerebrum - The cerebellum - The brainstem

Cerebrum

- The largest part of the brain - The center of thought and intelligence - Divided into two halves called the right and left hemispheres. The right hemisphere controls movement and activities on the body's left side. The left hemisphere controls the right side.

Cerebral cortex

- The outside of the cerebrum - Controls the highest brain functions (reasoning, memory, consciousness, speech, voluntary muscle movement, vision, hearing, sensation, and other activities.)

What are the three layers of the eye?

- The sclera, the white of the eye, is the outer layer. - The choroid is the second layer. (Blood vessels, the ciliary muscle, and the iris make up the choroid.) - The retina is the inner layer. (It has receptors for vision and the nerve fibers of the optic nerve.

What are the different types of muscles?

- Voluntary muscles/skeletal muscles (Can be controlled consciously. Muscles attached to bones.) - Involuntary muscles/smooth muscles (work automatically. You cannot control them. Stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and other body organs.) - Cardiac muscle (is in the heart. It cannot be controlled.)

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

- central nervous system (CNS): consists of the brain and spinal cord. - peripheral nervous system (it involves the nerves throughout the body.)

What are three layers of connective tissue (meninges)?

- dura mater (The outer layer lies next to the skull. It is a tough covering.) - arachnoid (The middle layer.) - pia mater (The inner layer.)

What are the different layers of the skin?

- epidermis (outer layer) - dermis (inner layer)

What are the three ossicles?

- malleus (it looks like a hammer) - incus (it looks like an anvil) - stapes (it looks like a stirrup)