chapter 8

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Research has shown victims of peer bullying from 4 to 10 years of age were more likely to engage in suicide ideation at _____ years of age.

11 1/2

By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.

12,000

According to research by Gottman and Parker, childhood friendships provide _________ important functions.

6

According to research by Gottman and Parker, childhood friendships provide ____________ important functions.

6

When Asian and American parents were surveyed, what were their attitudes toward math achievement?

American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort

What did the cross-cultural research by Stevenson and colleagues comparing achievement in the United States and several Asian countries find?

Asian students consistently outperformed American students Asian teachers spent more time teaching mathematics

Research has shown that teachers can function as cultural mediators in which of the following ways? (Choose every correct answer.)

By learning more about different ethnic groups By viewing students of color positively By displaying sensitivity to biased content

Which of the following types of children tend to get bullied?

Children who are overweight Children who are anxious and socially withdrawn

Not all friendships are positive. Which of the following would NOT be a positive friendship trait?

Coercion

Which of the following are contemporary approaches to student learning? (Choose every correct answer.)

Constructivist Direct instruction

Which type of bullying is a new source of concern?

Cyberbullying

Which of the following is not one of Dodge's six steps in social information processing?

Demanding social cues

What do childhood friends often have in common? (Choose every correct answer.)

Educational aspirations Attitudes toward school Achievement orientations

While having friends can be fun for children, it is not an important part of their development

False

Which are characteristics of controversial children?

Frequently disliked by their peers Frequently nominated as someone's best friend

According to advocates of No Child Left Behind, what are the positive effects of the legislation?

Improved student performance High expectations for all students Ability to identify poorly performing schools, teachers, and administrators

According to Dweck (2006), which of the following traits are affected by an individual's mindset?

Motivation Achievement Optimism

Which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates?

Neglected

Members of which TWO of the following groups are MOST likely to be enrolled in academic college preparatory programs?

Non-Latino Whites Asian Americans

Which of the following family problems contribute to lower achievement among low-income students?

Parents who don't set high educational standards Family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences Parents who can't read

Mr. Xiong, a fifth-grade teacher, encourages his students to share their worries, successes, failures, coping strategies, and interests with each other in his diverse classroom. Which strategy is Mr. Xiong using to promote cooperation among diverse groups of students?

Positive personal contact

Who is MOST likely to be a victim of bullying?

Roberto, who is in his first year of middle school

In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?

Social cognition

Which of the following are the THREE most common types of stepfamily structures?

Stepfather Stepmother Blended

Comer's approach to improving relationships among ethnically diverse students is to view the school and community as a ___________, where both work together to educate children.

Team

Which of these programs for educating children involves: (1) a governance and management team that develops a comprehensive school plan, assessment strategy, and staff development plan; (2) a mental health or school support team; and (3) a parent's program?

The Comer Project for Change

What were the results of Dweck's study involving students who only received study skill instructions compared to students who received instructions plus information about how the brain can grow and intelligence can change?

The group that received instructions and information about the brain was able to improve their math achievement.

Which of the following are the THREE reasons John Coie identified for why aggressive peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships?

They have fewer of the social skills needed to maintain positive peer relationships. They are more emotionally reactive. They are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention.

Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low-income areas?

They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. They are more likely to encourage rote learning. They are more likely to have low achievement test scores. The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair.

True or false: Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.

True

Aiden has been disliked by his peers since kindergarten. In terms of peer status, the best description of Aiden is that he is

a rejected child.

Dodge has found that ______ boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when the child's intention is ambiguous.

aggressive

When a child's intent is ambiguous, a(n) ______ boy is more likely to perceive it as hostile.

aggressive

Madeleine is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class. In terms of peer status, she is best described as

an average child.

There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal amount of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as a(n) __________ child.

average

The term __________ refers to verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.

bully

The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their

cognitive development.

Cole is Gannon's best friend. Cole provides _____ by being a familiar partner and playmate for Gannon.

companionship

Friendships in childhood provide the function of ______.

companionship stimulation comparison affection

In Ms. Ahmed's eighth-grade class, the students work collaboratively in groups to discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically about different topics. Ms. Ahmed is most likely using the __________ approach to education.

constructivism

In the _________ approach to education, children are encouraged to actively explore their world and discover knowledge and understanding with guidance from their teacher.

constructivist

In the ______________ approach to education, children are encouraged to actively explore their world and discover knowledge and understanding with guidance from their teacher.

constructivist

In terms of peer status, the ______ child is frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

controversial

By being sensitive to biased content in materials and classroom interactions, learning more about different ethnic groups, and being aware of children's ethnic attitudes, teachers can be competent

cultural mediators.

Peer bullying and harassment on the Internet is known as

cyber bullying

In Mr. Stooker's class, students are expected to listen attentively and take notes as he lectures. This is an example of the _________ instruction approach to education.

direct

In Mr. Stooker's class, students are expected to listen attentively and take notes as he lectures. This is an example of the __________ instruction approach to education.

direct

Two contemporary approaches to student learning are the ______ approach (a structured, teacher-centered approach), and the constructivist approach (a learner-centered approach).

direct instruction

The ____________ ______________ approach to education is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for student progress, and maximum time spent by students on academic tasks.

direct. instruction

Dweck (2006) described what she called the ___________ mindset, in which children believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.

fixed

Micaela believes she is not doing well in science because she is simply not good in science, and that any effort she makes would be wasted. She is exhibiting a ______ mindset.

fixed

According to Dweck (2006), some children have a ___________ mindset, in which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.

growth

Natalie is not doing well in her Spanish class, but she is sure she can improve. She has decided to spend more time studying and has even asked her parents if they would arrange for a tutor to help her. Natalie is exhibiting a ______ mindset.

growth

Advocates of No Child Left Behind argued that state-wide testing would

have a positive effect.

One study showed that being a victim of bullying in childhood was linked to ______ five decades later.

increased use of mental health services

Almost one-third of all African American and Latino students attend _____ schools, which continue to be racially segregated, grossly underfunded, and do not provide adequate learning opportunities.

inner-city

In a diverse fourth-grade classroom, children are divided into collaborative learning groups in which each group has to construct a different part of a project to reach a common goal. This is an example of a ____________ classroom.

jigsaw

Dweck (2006) described the importance of children's _____________, which she defined as the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves.

mindset

According to Carol Dweck, by emphasizing hard work and determination rather than innate ability, parents and teachers can positively influence a child's

mindset.

Dweck argued that an individual's _____________ influences whether they will be optimistic or pessimistic, shapes their goals and motivation, and affects many aspects of their lives.

mindsets

In terms of peer status, a(n) ___________ child, receives few nominations of any kind, is seldom nominated as a best friend, but is not actively disliked.

neglected

Boys who are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention, as well as being more emotionally reactive, are often ______ children.

peer-rejected

Recently, Dweck and her colleagues have incorporated information about the brain's _______ into their effort to improve student's motivation to achieve.

plasticity

In terms of peer status, the __________ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers.

popular

School has a ______ influence on children's development.

profound

In terms of peer status, __________ children are seldom nominated by others and are actively disliked by their peers.

rejected

In terms of peer status, ____________ children are seldom nominated by others and are actively disliked by their peers.

rejected

Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning.

rote

Domain-specific evaluations of the self are known as ______.

self-concept

Research has shown that in general, girls and women have ______ verbal skills than boys and men.

slightly better

Selectively attending to social cues, attributing intent by interpreting social cues, and establishing social goals are all steps in children's

social information processing.

To determine a child's ______________ status, researchers typically ask children to identify peers whom they like the best and the least. Then the results are compiled into five peer status groups. (Remember to type only one word per blank.)

socialmetric

Developmentally advantageous friends are socially skilled and

supportive.

In a national survey, one out of ______ sixth- to tenth-grade students reported being bullied or participating in bullying.

three

When Jeremy tells himself that he is a good person, he is reflecting self-__________; when he tells himself that he is good at math, he is reflecting on self-__________.

worth, concept

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

Domain theory

Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior. He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account.

______ reasoning focuses on ethical issues and rules of right and wrong.

Moral

What was the basis of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Moral development is based on learning the perspective of others.

___________ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Post-conventional

Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?

Rejected Average Popular Controversial Neglected

According to the latest distinction in domain theory, some actions belong to a personal domain and _______ governed by moral strictures or social norms.

are not

Researchers have found that inflated praise may cause children with low self-esteem to

avoid important learning experiences like tackling challenging tasks.

Dale Schunk has applied the concept of self-efficacy to many aspects of students' achievement; in his view, self-efficacy influences a student's

choice of activities.

In terms of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, the term ____________ summarizes children's interest in how things are made and how they work.

industry

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings?

perspective taking

In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of

12.

Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation

____________ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Conventional

In the _________ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

Domain

True or false: In middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.

False

True or false: Prosocial behavior occurs more often in childhood than in adolescence.

False

True or false: Researchers have found that gender stereotyping doesn't begin until children are of elementary school age.

False

Eleven-year-old Meagan has some doubts about Ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. What is this likely due to?

Her increased skepticism regarding others' claims

Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, didn't say hello to him when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and didn't notice him. What is this an illustration of?

How children cope with stress using cognitive strategies such as reframing

According to Kohlberg, how to children in the preconventional level view good and bad?

In terms on external consequences

Which of the following are aspects of the development of self-understanding in middle and late childhood? (Choose every correct answer.)

Increased recognition of social aspects of self Increasing social comparison Increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description

Which of Erik Erikson's stages typically occurs during middle to late childhood?

Industry versus inferiority

Who was the theorist who developed a theory that involved three levels of moral development?

Kohlberg.

In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following?

Lower levels of depression Lower levels of anxiety Lower level of internalized symptoms

Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true according to the textbook?

Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders

Which of the following statements describes the balance of control in middle and late childhood?

Parents exercise general supervision and control, while children engage in moment-to-moment self regulation.

________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

Perspective taking

______ cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for ______ theory, but in this latter model there are three levels of moral development.

Piaget's; Kohlberg's

_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.

Preconventional

What are the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?

Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

Which of the following techniques should adults use to help children cope with the stress of devastating events?

Protect children from reexposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma. Reassure children of their safety and security. Allow retelling of events.

Which of the following should adults AVOID when dealing with traumatized children?

Repeated conversations about the event

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is FALSE?

Self-esteem reflects accurate, objective assessments of one's achievements and shortcomings compared to others.

What does the role of parents as managers involve?

Setting up routines and schedules Structuring the family environment Monitoring and encouraging academic progress

According to domain theory, which of these types of reasoning states that rules are arbitrary and established to control behavior and maintain the social system?

Social conventional reasoning

______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.

Social conventional reasoning

Which of the following are TRUE regarding features of the brain in women and men?

The female brain has more folds and more surface brain tissue than the male brain. The female brain is smaller than the male brain.

Regarding the relationship between self-esteem and school performance, which statements are TRUE?

There are moderate correlations between self-esteem and school performance. Efforts to increase self-esteem do not necessarily lead to improved school performance.

What has recent research into gender differences in math ability in the United States found?

There are no significant differences in math test scores for boys and girls

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.

What is a current concern in the United States about many of today's children?

Too many grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance and thus have inflated self-esteem.

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.

True

According to Kohlberg's model of moral thinking, development from one stage to another is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others

and to experience conflict between one's current stage and higher-stage reasoning.

Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood.

anxiety

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are

arbitrary and can be changed by consensus.

In a(n) _____________ stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

blended

Researchers have found that gender stereotypes for children are more rigid with ____________ (boys/girls) than with ___________ (boys/girls).

boy, girl

More than 75 percent of the adolescents in long-established simple stepfamilies described their relationships with their stepparents as

close or very close.

During middle and late childhood, some control is transferred from parent to child. This gradual process produces what is referred to as ___________ rather than control by either the child or the parent alone.

co-regulation

In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social

comparison.

"I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self-______.

concept

According to Kohlberg, people in the _____ reasoning stage of moral development abide by the standards of others.

conventional

Most of the research regarding self-esteem and academic achievement is __________, so causation cannot be established.

corelational

Most of the research regarding self-esteem and academic achievement is ___________, so causation cannot be established.

corelational

Self-esteem reflects perceptions that ________ reality.

do not always match

The likelihood that a child will face problems following a disaster depends on factors such as the nature and severity of the trauma. Researchers use the term _______ to describe this correlation.

dose-response effects

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a

gender stereotype.

Self-esteem refers to ______ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-______ evaluations.

global; specific

About ______ of all children whose parents divorce will have a stepparent within four years of the separation.

half

When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences.

have not been directly linked to.

In terms of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, the term ___________ summarizes children's interest in how things are made and how they work.

industry

Developmental psychologists have come to Melissa's classroom and are asking all the children to fill out surveys asking them whom they like best in the class and whom they like least. This technique is

known as the sociometric status technique.

According to Dale Schunk, a child who avoids many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging, most likely has

low self-efficacy for learning.

One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to

manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as

managers.

According to domain theory, a rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of social conventional reasoning, but a rule about murder is an example of ______ reasoning.

moral

Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for Kohlberg's theory, but in this latter model three levels of

moral development.

According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development.

moral reasoning

In remarriages, divorces are ______ in first marriages.

more common than

A research review concluded that girls have ______ math attitudes compared to boys.

more negative

The term dose-response effects refers to the idea that the _______ severe the disaster/trauma (dose), the ______ the adaptation and adjustment (response) following the disaster/trauma.

more; worse

Research has revealed ______ gender differences in general intellectual ability.

no

Moral reasoning asserts that rules are

obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal.

Developmentalists have distinguished five ____________ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.

Recently, experts have suggested the existence of a ______ domain subject to the child's independent decision making and judgment. It includes issues such as control over one's body, privacy, and choice of friends and activities.

personal

In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more

personal.

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings

perspective taking

In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.

popular

The study of ______ behavior puts more emphasis on the behavioral aspects of moral development.

prosocial

It may be helpful for childrn to learn to change their perception of a stressful situation, using a strategy called

reframe

In her research, Hetherington (2006) concluded that in long-established simple stepfamilies, children and adolescents

seem to eventually benefit from the presence of a stepparent and the resources provided by the stepparent.

According to Bandura, the concept of _________-__________ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. (Watch your spelling!)

self efficacy

Ten-year-old Blake tells his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high

self-efficacy.

Donna perceives herself as a good person. She has high _______.

self-esteem

The term __________-____________________ refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.

self-esteem

Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of

self-understanding.

As children develop their sense of self in middle and late childhood, they are increasingly likely to define themselves in terms of _________ groups or alliances. For example, a boy might describe himself as a Cub Scout.

social

As children develop their sense of self in middle and late childhood, they are increasingly likely to define themselves in terms of __________ groups or alliances. For example, a boy might describe himself as a Cub Scout.

social

To determine a child's ____________ status, researchers typically ask children to identify peers whom they like the best and the least. Then the results are compiled into five peer status groups. (Remember to type only one word per blank.)

socialmetric

Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender ______.

stereotypes

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to ______.

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions

Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which TWO of the following factors?

taking on the perspectives of others experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level

Compared to men, women have about ______ the body fat.

twice


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