Chapter 8: Intelligence

mathematical equality

the concept that the values on each side of the equal sign must be equivalent - isn't developed until much later after the the preschool period

stage 1

- 1st and 2nd grade -children acquire phonological recoding skills

stage 2

- 2nd and 3rd grades - children gain fluency in simple reading material - learn to read

stage 3

- 4th through 8th grade - children become able to acquire new and complex information from print - read to learn

stage 4

- 8th grade to 12th grade - - adolescents acquire skill not only in understanding information presented form a single perspective but also in coordinating multiple perspectives. - makes it able for them to appreciate subtleties in sophisticated literature

Why is that countries in East Asian Finland and the Netherlands have stronger math students than the states?

- One is that in the countries with the highest math achievement, teachers and students spend much more time on mathematics than do their counterparts in the United States - math instruction in these countries is more coherent; that is, it makes clear the relations among the relevant concepts and procedures

environmental risk scale

- a variety of factors in combination contribute to the problem of substantial numbers of children failing to reach their intellectual potential. - the more - the more risks in the child's environment, the lower their IQ - The average IQ of a child who had no risk factors was around 115, average IQ of those with 6 or more risks was 85

what is fluid intelligence closely related to

- ability to learn - speed of information processing - capacity fo working memory - ability to control attention - brain size, particularly areas of the cortex - amount of activation of specific brain areas on tasks that require attention and problem solving

HOME (home observation measurement of the environment)

- allows to measure the correlation between family influences and intelligence. - measure various aspects of a child's home life - designed to assess the home lives of children between birth and the age of 3

Sternberg proposed that the degree to which people succeed in life depends on three types of abilities. What are they?

- analytical (mathematical, linguistic and spatial skills) - practical (reasoning about every day problems) - creative (intellectual flexibility and innovation that allows effective reasoning in novel circumstances)

passive effects of gene-environment relations

- arise when child is raised by their biological parents - occur due to overlap between their genes and their parent's - IQ correlation are higher between biological parents and their children when they with together (vs. adoption)

stage 0

- birth to first grade - children acquire phonological awareness

What can be taught by people with mathematical disabilities later on in life

- can help prove the fact that mathematics is still largely needed after schooling as well in day-to-day life

Evidence that schooling makes you smarter

- children who were even a grade above younger children showed significant increase in scoring (i.e. verbal oddities) - average IQ and achievement test scores drop during the summer and rise during the school year

In what ways can poverty effect the development of intelligence?

- chronic inadequate diet can disrupt brain development - reduced access to health services - inadequate parenting - insufficient intellectual stimulation and emotional support

Whta is the cause of severe mathematical disability

- damage to brain areas like the interaparietal sulcus is often the cause

evocative effects of gene-environment relations

- emerge through children's eliciting or influencing other people's behaviour

genetic contribution to intelligence

- genes have a substantial influence of intelligence, which varies greatly from age - this variation becomes more greater as the child grows older

active effects of gene-environment relations

- involve children choosing environments that they enjoy

Benefits of reading to young children

- learn how stories tend to go - facilitating understandings of new stories - enhances general language development

what does crystallized intelligence reflect/ related to?

- long term memory for prior experiences - related highly to verbal ability

What two things play a huge role in writing

- metacognitive functioning - content knowledge

What are some factors that contribute to increase in phonemic awareness?

- nursery rhymes - growth of working memory - increasingly efficient processing of language and reading

three types of effects in gene-environment relations

- passive effects - evocative effects - active effects

In which two ways can words be retrieved?

- phonological recoding - visual based memory

What are other variables for mathematical disabilities?

- poor working memory capacity for numbers - slow processing of numerical information - anxiety about mathematics

Brazilian street vendor children

- showed great arithmetic capabilities when the context of street vending was used however had difficulty solving the same problem when applied at the academic/ traditional school problem style

What is one striking feature of how young children solve arithmetic problems?

- the variety of strategies they use to solve problems - i.e. counting from the larger addend in the first addend

uncertainty with HOME

- type of intellectual environment that parents establish in the home is almost certainly influenced by their genetic makeup - almost all studies using the HOME method have focused on children living with their biological parents.

sings of gifted children early in life?

- unusual alertness and long attention span in infancy - Rapid language development - Curiosity—asking deep questions and being dissatisfied with superficial answers - High energy levels, often bordering hyperactivity - Intense reactions to frustration -Precocious reading and interest in numbers - Exceptional logical and abstract reasoning - Unusually good memory - Enjoyment of solitary play

average IQ

100

At what age do Intelligence tests have their widest applicability

5-6 years of age

What percent of children are recognized as having mathematical disabilities? Do these children have lower IQs?

5-8% children - not heir IQs are in the normal range

1 standard deviation of the stanford binet IQ test

68th percentile

95% percent of children fall within standard deviations in IQ scores. what is the range?

70-130

2 standard deviations of the stanford binet IQ test

98th percentile

3 standard deviations of the stanford binet IQ test

99th percentile

at least one specialized, intensive program has shown the possibility of producing enduring gains in IQ and school achievement as well. What program is it?

Carolina Abecedarian Project - well-planned, multifaceted program proved to have lasting positive effects on the IQs and achievement levels of children in the experimental group.

three-stratum theory of intelligence

Carroll's model of intelligence, including g at the top of the hierarchy, eight moderately general abilities in the middle, and many specific processes at the bottom

multiple intelligence theory

Gardner's theory of intellect, based on the view that people possess at least eight types of intelligence

according to the three-stratum theory of intelligence, what does the g indicate?

General intelligence influences all of the moderately general abilities, and both general intelligence and the moderately general abilities influence the specific processes

In contrast to Ceci and Sternberg, what do advocates of intelligence tests argue?

Intelligence tests are better than any alternative in predicting outcomes such as school grades, occupational success and results on achievement tests as well as which children need special education.

What are the eight types of intelligence according to Gardner?

Linguistic logical-mathematical spatial musical naturalistic bodily-kinesthetic intrapersonal interpersonal

what is the underlying genetic cause for why adopted children seem to correlate more and more for intelligence with their biological parents rather than their adoptive parents?

One reason for this increasing genetic influence is that some genetic processes do not exert their effects on IQ until later childhood and adolescence or example, some connections linking areas in the brain that are distant from each other are not formed until adolescence, and the extent of such connections reflects genetic influences

preschoolers writing, how is this significant

Preschoolers' "writing" indicates that they expect meaning to be reflected in print.

theory os successful intelligence

Sternberg's theory of intellect, based on the view that intelligence is the ability to achieve success in life

What si the similarity between the theory of two intelligences and the primary mental abilities?

The key evidence for the usefulness of dividing intelligence into these seven abilities is similar to that for the distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence. Scores on various tests of a single ability tend to correlate more strongly with each other than do scores on tests of any of the other abilities.

results of HOME and intelligence

Throughout childhood, children's IQ scores, as well as their math and reading achievement, are positively correlated with the HOME measure of their family environment - when home scores are relatively stable over time, so is the IQ of the children

standard deviation

a measure of the variability of scores in a distribution; in a normal distribution, 68% of scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean and 95% of scores fall within 2 standard deviations

normal distribution

a pattern of data in which scores fall symmetrically around a mean value, with most scores falling close to the mean and fewer and fewer scores farther from it

gesture-speech mathematics

a phenomenon in which hand movements and verbal statements convey different ideas

Pre-K mathematics

a program designed for preschoolers, especially those from low- income families, to prevent mathematics disabilities through exposure to a variety of numerical activities

IQ (intelligence quotient)

a summary measure used to indicate a child's intelligence relative to that of other children of the same age

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

a widely used test designed to measure the intelligence of children 6 years and older

phonological porcessing

ability to discriminate and remember sounds within words

phonemic awareness

ability to identify component sounds within words

fluid intelligence

ability to think on the spot to solve novel problems

phonological recoding skills

ability to translate letters into sounds and to blend sounds into words

What si the advantage of viewing intelligence as many things?

allows more precise specification of the processes involved in intelligent behaviour than do approaches that view it as "one thing" or "a few things."

what is the purpose of some many subdivisions of HOME?

assessing varied aspects of a child's family environment allows good prediction of the child's IQ.

1st graders are very skillful in adjusting their strategies to the difficulty of the particular word, why is this?

associative learning- children's past behaviour shapes their future behaviour

intervention programs to support children from low SES proved that the programs had short term effects on increasing IQ, however long term effects in decreasing the number of students who would enter special ed or be held back a grade. Why is this so? and what effects do we see when these children became adults?

because although they didn't raise children's IQ long term, they did increase their motivation and behaviour. - former participants of the program as adults were less likely to be on welfare, and earned larger salaries than non-participants

What is another powerful influence is _________________

content knowledge

Theory of two intelligences?

crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

what are the courses of crystallized and fluid intelligence?

crystallized: increases steadily from early life to old age fluid: peaks in early adulthood (around age 20) and steadily declines form there.

reading comprehension involves forming a ________________

mental model

What is especially hard for dyslexics?

determining sounds that go with letters, especially vowels

what two gene-environment relations explain why adopted children have higher correlation in intelligence with their biological parents?

evocative and active

crystallized intelligence

factual knowledge about the world

if preschoolers from poor families were read to daily, this would not have any effect on the quality of reading comprehension because of their low income

false

true or false: adopted children's IQ scores correlate higher to their adoptive parents rather than their biological ones.

false. adopted children's IQ scores correlate higher to their biological parents. The intelligence of adopted children becomes less correlated with their adoptive parents as the child gets older.

true or false: the more years children spend in poverty, the higher their IQs tend to be.

false. the more years children spend in poverty, the lower their IQs tend to be.

true or false: the environment has an immediate but short term risk on a child's intellectual development.

false: the environment has an immediate and long term risk on a child's intellectual development.

Why is that IQ and achievement scores drop for children from low SES and are relatively stable or higher for children from high SES?

fewer children from low-SES families have the kinds of experiences that would maintain or increase their academic achievement that they would have during the school year

8 sub categories of the three stratum of intelligence

fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general memory and learning, broad visual perception, broad auditory perception, broad retrieval ability, broad cognitive speediness, processing speed

top of the three-stratum theory

general intelliegence

At the cognitive level, dyslexia primarily stems from..?

general weakness of phonological processing

Measures of "g" correlate positively with what two things?

heightened IQ scores better performance in school and better performance on achievement tests

At the level of cognitive and brain mechanisms, g correlates highly with what?

heightened information processing speeds speed of neural transmission and with brain volume

What is the main determining factor for resilient children that come from impoverished homes?

high quality parenting

What brain area is closely related to crystallized intelligence? What is its function ?

hippocampus- crucial brain region for forming the enduring memories on which crystallized intelligence is based.

influence of nurture on the development of intelligence begins with the _________________

immediate environment

dyslexia

inability to read well despite normal intelligence

What side fo the spectrum of IQ distribution has increase largely influenced? Where can this be largely observed?

increase has been greatest among those in the lower part of the IQ-score distribution - denmark and other scandinavian countries

What is the cause of mild severe mathematical disability

lack of early exposure to mathematics before school

kindergartener's mastery of letter names is positively correlated with what?

later reading achievement through at least 7th grade, however there is no casual relation

what two things do IQ tests reflect?

mean standard deviation

Critics such as Ceci and Sternberg argue what about intelligence?

measuring a quality as complex and multifaceted as intelligence requires assessing a much broader range of abilities than current intelligence tests include - current Intelligence tests are culturally biased - reducing a person's intelligence to a numerical value is questionably unethical and simplistic.

practical intelligence

mental abilities not measured on IQ tests but important for success in many situations, such as accurately reading other people's emotions and intentions and motivating others to work effectively as a team

Aside from IQ, what are some other factors that can predict long term occupation, academic and economic success?

motivation to succeed, conscientiousness, creativity, physical and mental health, and social skills, characteristics of the environment (parental motivation and encouragement)

do children who do well on crystallized intelligence tests do equally as good on fluid intelligence tests?

no, not necessarily.

IQ tests are a type of ________ ________

normal distribution

Any measure of intelligence is based on what?

observable behaviour

at the neural level, what two regions are under active when dyslexics read?

one area that is directly involved in phonological processing, and the other area is involved in integrating visual and auditory data

Gardner (1993): main evidence for multiple type of intelligence?

people with brain damage existence of prodigies

What is the cause and for later reading achievement in preschoolers?

phonemic awareness

effects of dyslexia?

poor ability to discriminate between phonemes, poor short-term memory for verbal material and slow recall of names of objects

parental involvement in schooling is shown to have a (positive/negative) correlation with academic achievement

positive

what two brain areas are activated in fluid intelligence and what are their functions

prefrontal cortex and the parietal area- two areas related to attention and problem solving

When does conceptual understanding of mathematics begin to occur?

preschool perios

strategy-choice process

procedure for selecting among alternative ways of solving problems

visually based retrieval

proceeding directly from the visual form of a word to its meaning

mental model

processes used to represent a situation or sequence of events

primary mental abilities

seven abilities said by Thurstone to be crucial to intelligence

What is one of the reasons for higher/ lower IQ scores among different races?

socio-class backgrounds - statistical differences and not individual differences

Chall (1979) described 5 stages of reading development

stage 0 (birth until the beginning of first grade) stage 1 (1st and 2nd grade) stage 3 (4th through 8th grades) stage 4 (8th though 12th grades)

What is the basis of the two-intelligence theory?

supported by the fact that tests of each type of intelligence correlate more highly with each other than they do with tests of the other type. the two types of development have different developmental courses.

What does a normal distribution graph tell about IQ scores?

that most IQ scores of a wide population fall near the mean

What does the flynn effect and IQ scores show in the larger population?

that poverty can have a large effect on the development of intelligence

self-discipline

the ability to inhibit actions, follow rules, and avoid impulsive reactions

general intelligence

the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks

Comprehension monitoring

the process of keeping track of one's understanding of a verbal description or text - differentiates good readers from bad ones at all ages

flynn effect

the rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the past 75 years in many countries

According to Gardner, what is the major flaw with intelligence tests?

the tests asses verbal, mathematical, and spatial capabilities but they do not directly examine other abilities

Although most infant IQ tests are unreliable, why is it that they are still used?

to test for mental deficits and other developmental problesm.

true or false: For 7 years olds from impoverished backgrounds, shared environment accounts for a larger influence of IQ than genetic does

true

true or false: the amount of reading greatly varies and has a large effect on reading comprehension.

true

true or false: the mean score can rise or fall in the years after a particular test is developed

true

true or false: environments children choose for themselves is influenced by their genotype

true.

studies that show that there is a positive correlation between gesture-speech mismatches and subsequent mathematical abilities imply what idea?

variability of thought and action often indicates heightened readiness to learn

Best way for dyslexics to cope?

what seems to work best is to teach children with dyslexia to use strategies that would enhance their phonological recoding

What are the 7 primary mental abilities?

word fluency, verbal meaning, reasoning, spatial visualization, numbering, rote memory, and perceptual speed

is learning to write is a good deal more difficult than learning to read?

yes - because writing requires to simultaneously focus on numerous goals, like forming letters, grammar punctuation, etc.

Is intelligence hard to define?

yes it is, there have been many theories surrounding intelligence