Chapter 8 - Memory

When Seyed studies for an exam, he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, he is actively:

encoding, storing, and retrieving.

Research on memory's _____ has helped us understand how memory works.

extremes

Memory in the brain works like memory in a computer; we take in information and then file it away for recollection. true or false

false

Many U.S. citizens can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

flashbulb

recognition

identifying items previously learned.

What type of memory is not consciously accessible to us?

implicit memory

To remember information from novel, abstract paragraphs, it helps to put the information into a meaningful _____.

context

During ____ ____, the hippocampus processes memories for later retrieval.

deep sleep

Jamal's brother, Akim, often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying when he is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" Akim can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This is likely because of his _____ memory.

echoic

Additional rehearsal (____) of verbal information increases retention, especially when practice is distributed over time.

overlearning

Philosopher-psychologist William James referred to this process, which we call _____, as the "wakening of associations." After seeing or hearing rabbit, we are later more likely to spell the spoken word "hair/hare" as h-a-r-e, even if we don't recall seeing or hearing rabbit

priming

A fill-in-the-blank question tests your _____.

recall

three measures of retention

recall, recognition, relearning

A multiple-choice question tests your ___.

recognition

Alasdair has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. He is using _____ to encode information for storage.

rehearsal

One way that researchers have explored the capacity of short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd and Margaret Peterson.

rehearsal

Randy agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number he had nothing to write it on. So he repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Randy used to encode the number into memory is called _____.

rehearsal

When you study for a final exam or engage a language used in early childhood, you will relearn the material more easily than you did initially uses ___.

relearning

While taking his statistics exam, Charles is trying to remember a statistical formula that he studied the night before. However, he cannot seem to recall the correct information. Charles is failing to _____ information from his long-term memory. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

retrieve

While taking his statistics exam, Mikhail is trying to remember a statistical formula that he studied the night before. However, he cannot seem to recall the correct information. Mikhail is failing to _____ information from his long-term memory.

retrieve

recall

retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time.A fill-in-the-blank question tests your recall.

Explicit, conscious memories are either _____ (facts and general knowledge) or _______ (experienced events).

semantic, episodic

Our strongest retrieval cues are often associated ______ information.

sensory

Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that is being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in _____ memory.

sensory

Consolidation is the process by which:

short-term memory can be encoded to form long-term memories.

Phone companies created 7-digit phone numbers because this amount best suited the capacity of our:

short-term memory.

Without conscious effort you also automatically process information about (3)?

space, time, frequency

Daily quizzing can improve course performance as a result of the _____.

testing effect

left-hippocampus damage, people have trouble remembering ____ information, but they have no trouble recalling visual designs and locations.

verbal

right-hippocampus damage, people have trouble remembering _____ and _____ information, but they have no trouble recalling verbal.

visual designs, location

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, they are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. These participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before. We often recognize faces and places as quickly as we recognize a familiar voice.

60

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, they are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. These participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before. We often recognize faces and places as quickly as we recognize a familiar voice.

90

The _____ receives messages from the cortex but does not return a reply.

Basal Ganglia

Frontal lobes and hippocampus

Key memory structure in the brain that stores explicit memory formation

cerebellum and basal ganglia

Key memory structure in the brain that stores implicit memory formation

What did researchers discover about context and learning after two groups of scuba divers were tested on word recognition in different contexts?

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (for example, learn underwater, get tested underwater).

Barbara has seen the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. She gets a little nervous, wondering if he is following him. Her ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times she's run into the co-worker is known as _____ processing.

automatic

Echoic sensory memory:

lasts longer than visual sensory memory.

relearning

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time.

Memory

learning that has persisted over time

Memories are not permanently stored in the hippocampus. Instead, this structure seems to act as a loading dock where the brain registers and temporarily holds the elements of a remembered or retrieved episode—its smell, feel, sound, and location. Then, like older files shifted to a basement storeroom, memories migrate for storage elsewhere. This storage process is called ______ _______.

memory consolidation.

The neural storage of a long-term memory is known as:

memory consolidation.

short-term memory

memory that holds a few items briefly

Priming is often "_____ ______"—invisible memory, without your conscious awareness.

memoryless memory

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time

encoding

the processing of information into the memory system in the brain

parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultanteously

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system