Chapter 8 Memory

One reason a person's memories fail is because of problems with information _____.

encoding

The three steps in memory information processing are:

encoding, storage, retrieval.

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the BEST thing for Rashad to do at this point is to:

go directly to sleep.

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that:

he has a flashbulb memory for this event.

As Diana is watching television, the electricity goes out. For a few tenths of a second she is still able to see the last images from the screen. This is an example of:

iconic memory.

Because of _____, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions.

memory construction

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory BEST illustrates:

motivated forgetting.

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that people can only store _____ in their short-term memory.

about seven bits of information (give or take two)

Which is NOT a measure of retention?

retrieval

The happier Judy feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This BEST illustrates that emotional states can be:

retrieval cues.

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses.

serotonin

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow the plot of her favorite television show. Millie is having difficulty with her:

short-term memory.

If students learn a list of chemistry terms while they are in a great mood, they have a better chance of recalling that list if they are in the same kind of mood when they take the exam. This is known as:

state-dependent memory.

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for more than three hours! Though generally not claustrophobic, after two hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of that emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?

stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he does not have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because:

the short-term memory is limited in duration and capacity.

Memories before age _____ are often unreliable.

three

Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck's study of children's memories showed that _____ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked where they were examined.

55

Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information about:

automatic processing is the unconscious, effortless encoding of all of these things.