Chapter 8- Memory
What is Memory?
(Information processing system) -Set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time Encoding--> Storage---> Retrieval 1)Encoding: Process where we information into our brains 2)Automatic Processing: Encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words Ex. Recalling the last time your studied for a test 3) Effortful Processing: Requiring a lot of work and attention to encode information Ex. Actual test material you studied
What is Retrieval?
-Act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness 3 Ways to retrieve information from long term memory storage: 1) Recall: Access information without cues 2) Recognition: Identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again 3) Relearning: Involves learning information that you previously learned
What is storage?
-Encoding/Retrieval Process -Creation of a permanent record of information - In order for a memory to go into a storage, it has to pass through 3 distinct stages: Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory, and Long Term Memory (Atkinson-Shiffrin Model): Based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes information
What are Mnemonic Devices?
-Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding 1)Acronym: Word formed by the first letter of each words you want to remember 2)Acrostic: Make a phrase of all the the first letters of the words 3) Jingles: Rhyming tunes that contain key words related to the concept, such as I before e, except after c
What is Chunking?
-Organizing information into manageable bits or chunks -Useful when trying to remember information like dates and phone numbers
What is Sensory Memory?
-Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes -If we view something as valuable, the information will move into our short-term memory system
What is Declarative Memory?
-Storage of facts and events we personally experienced (Has 2 Parts: Semantic Memory and Episodic Memory) Semantic Memory: Knowledge about words, concepts, and language based knowledge and facts Episodic Memory: Information about events we have personally experienced
What Is Elaborative Rehearsal?
-Technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and it's relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
What is Short Term Memory?
-Temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory; sometimes it is called working memory -Takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in the long term memory -Rehearsal: Conscious repetition of information to be remembered, to move STM into long term memory-->(Memory Consolidation)
What is Long Term Memory?
-The continuous storage of information . -Storage capacity has no limits -Encompasses all the things you can remember that happened more than just a few minutes ago, to all the things you can remember that happened days, weeks, and years ago Divided into 2 Types: 1)Explicit Memories: Those we consciously try to remember and recall 2)Implicit Memories: Memories that are not part of our consciousness (Memories formed from behaviors) Also called "non-declarative memory"
What is Procedural Memory?
-Type of implicit memory: Stores information about how we do things (Memory for skilled actions like how to brush your teeth and how to drive a car, etc.)
What are the 3 types of encoding?
1) Semantic encoding: Encoding of words and their meanings 2) Visual encoding: Encoding of images 3) Acoustic encoding: Encoding of sounds, words in particular