chapter 8

Which of the following factors may cause differences in the storage capacity of fat and glycogen between individuals?

dietary intake physical fitness body composition

the ---- is the main target organ for glucagon's actions.

liver

during ---- metabolism, adequate oxygen is present allowing mitochondria to make lots of ATP.

aerobic

---refers to metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones.

Anabolism

--- is the chemical pathway that is involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid.

Beta-oxidation

Where does glucose go after it is degraded in the liver?

Bloodstream

Which of the following is NOT an example of a catabolic reaction?

Carbon Dioxide and Water ->Amino Acids Amino acid -> glucose

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between enzymes and coenzymes?

Coenzymes will often help enzymes catalyze reactions.

--- is a catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands.

Cortisol

Cells in the central nervous system can use which of the following to synthesize ATP?

Galactose Fructose Glucose

What is the benefit that muscles receive from glycogenolysis?

Stockpiles glucose in case of fight-or-flight

The _____________ is a linked series of enzymes that synthesize water and ATP during aerobic energy metabolism.

electron transport chain

Which of the following scenarios would result in an increase in release of catabolic hormones?

extreme stress intense exercise

Examples of catabolic reactions include the breakdown of ______ molecules to form carbon dioxide and water.

fatty acid amino acid glucose

What are the end results of the breakdown of one glucose molecule?

formation of 4 ATP molecules. formation of two NADH molecules. conversion to two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate.

When the body is in need of glucose it can synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors in a process known as

gluconeogenesis

A --- diet supplies most of its calories from fat and limits carbohydrate consumption to less than 50g per day.

ketogenic

During anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ______.

lactic acid

Hormone sensitive lipase facilitates by--- removing the 3 fatty acids from the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.

lipolysis

--- is the primary site for metabolizing alcohol that has been absorbed by the digestive tract.

liver

Which of the following are known side effects of a ketogenic diet?

nausea headache lack of energy

When excess protein is consumed, the amino acids are stripped of the _____ and used to make either glucose or fat.

nitrogen group

Glycolysis ultimately leads to ATP production from the _________ of glucose.

oxidation

The anabolic process of recycling ATP through the attachment of a Pi group to ADP is known as----

phosphorylation

Human cells obtain energy by

releasing chemical energy from macronutrients.

Catabolism is a term that describes

the breakdown of large molecules.

The conversion of ATP to ADP results from ______.

the cleaving of the bond between the last two phosphate groups of ATP

Phosphorylation requires ______.

the input of energy

In glycolysis, a ____-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two ____-carbon molecules of pyruvate.

6;3

What inhibits lipolysis and beta-oxidation?

ATP insulin

Ann consumes a high-carbohydrate diet. How does this type of diet most likely contribute to weight gain?

Cells metabolize the monosaccharide molecules for ATP production which spares triglycerides from being broken down.

----,---- are a series of specific chemical reactions that occur in sequences to allow cells to access and use stored energy.

Chemical pathways

The availability of carbon atoms in fatty acids increases the potential to form more

FADH2 NADH acetyl CoA

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Glucose produced in the muscle may be transported through the bloodstream to the liver.

--- occurs when glycogen is broken down into glucose molecules with the help of coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate.

Glycogenolysis

is an enzyme that cleaves apart a triglyceride molecule leaving 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone.

Lipoprotein lipase

Which of the following coenzymes are required to convert glycogen to glucose?

Pyridoxal phosphate

The thyroid hormone can have catabolic or anabolic actions.

True

Which of the following ketone bodies formed during ketogenesis produces a "fruity" odor similar to nail polish remover?

acetone

Liver cells convert extra acetyl CoA molecules to ____________ which are known as ketone bodies.

acetone beta-hydroxybutyrate acetoacetate

Lipogenesis occurs as a result of combining _______ molecules in a series of repeating sequential reactions.

acetyl CoA

The citric acid cycle converts ______ into CO2 and H20 molecules.

acetyl CoA

When adequate oxygen is present in a cell, mitochondria can make lots of ATP through ______ metabolism.

aerobic

Fatty acids must be bound to _________, a water soluble protein, before it can be circulated to the tissues

albumin

Ethanol is a simple, two-carbon molecule that is more commonly known as

alcohol

Metabolic reactions may be ______.

anabolic catabolic

during --- conditions, each molecule of pyruvate converts to lactic acid.

anaerobic

Fatty acids tend to contain more ______ atoms than glucose which increases their energy producing potential.

carbon

Pyruvate cannot be used to re-form glucose because

cells lack the enzymes for reversing glycolysis.

The body gets its energy to perform work from the ______ energy that is stored in macronutrients and alcohol.

chemical

Anabolic reactions require ______, which is supplied by catabolic reactions.

energy

Which of the following are considered catabolic hormones?

epinephrine cortisol glucagon

An example of a "biological fuel" used in chemical pathways would be

glucose

Cells in the central nervous system are highly dependent on

glucose

Oxaloacetate is produced during ________ metabolism.

glucose

Select which of the following are examples of anabolic reactions ______.

glucose -> glycogen glycerol + free fatty acids -> triglycerides amino acids -> proteins

Which of the following effects contribute to the hangover symptoms?

hypoglycemia dehydration

Which of the following actions is glucagon responsible for?

increase gluconeogenesis increased glucose into the bloodstream increase glycogenolysis

Cortisol promotes which of the following actions?

increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis increases protein catabolism

---,--- occurs in muscle cells and adipocytes because insulin receptors no longer function properly.

insulin resistance

Where does glycogenolysis occur?

liver

Mitochondria are responsible for

transfer energy released to ATP. catabolize macronutrients.

What is the most energy-dense macronutrient group?

triglycerides

During beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are separated into ______ carbon segments that are converted to ______.

two; acetyl CoA

Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions that occur in living cells including ______

using energy to build new molecules breaking down molecules to release energy

Which of the following vitamins is often present in the chemical structure of coenzymes?

vitamin B

Which hormone increases protein catabolism and stimulates the liver to increase its use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis?

cortisol

Obesity can lead to ___________, which is linked to type 2 diabetes.

insulin resistance