Chapter 8 photosynthesis
ferredoxin; NADPH
NADP reductase accepts two electrons from two molecules of ______ and catalyzes the production of ________
ATP
Plant cells can produce additional amounts of ____ to fuel the calvin cycle in a process known as cyclic photophosphorylation
the b6-f complex
Plastaoquinone is a strong electron donor- it passes its electrons to
Pyruvate
The C4 pathway has a cost to plants, because the conversation of ____ to PEP requires the expenditure of ATP
Z; light
The ______ diagram describes the energy transition of electrons as they move through _______ reactions
ATP; NADPH
The electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem II is used to generate _______, while electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem I is used to generate_______.
photorespiration
The enzyme rubisco has more than one activity. Because of this, most plants also perform ________ which consumes o2 and liberates CO2. this process can lower the net benefit from photosynthesis
PEP
The enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate is called ______ carboxlase
dependent
The first two stages of photosynthesis require light and are commonly known as the light-_______ reactions
noncyclic
The process which electrons from water move through PSII and PSI and ultimately to NADPH is also known as _____ phosphorylation
thousands
The production of molecule of O2 during photosynthesis requires how many chlorophyll molecules
I
The reaction center of photosystem____ consists of a core transmembrane complex made of 12-14 protein subunits and two P700 chlorophyll molecules
between 400-740 nm
The wavelenth of visable light is
True
True or False: Ferredoxin is located on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane
false
True or false: light has properties of both a particle and an elastic spring
false
True or false: the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the ATP synthase of chloroplasts in fundamentally differently from the one used in the ATP synthase of mitochondria.
ATP is synthesized
What happens during the chemiosmosis stage of the thylakoid reaction
two molecules of G3P
What is ht enet gain of the calvin cycle
to pump protons in the thylakoid space
What is the function of b6-f complex
18
When you take into account the net equation of the calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are needed to synthesize two G3P molecules
In the thylakoid membrane
Where do the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast?
chlorophylls and carotenoids
Which are the two most important kinds of pigments in chloroplasts
The rate the photosynthesis is the fastest in the presence of red and far-red wavelengths light together.
Which of the following describes the photosynthetic enhancement effect
Cristae
Which of the following is not part of the chloroplast
because the first molecule in the cycle has 3 carbon atoms
Why is the Calvin cycle also known as C3 photosynthesis
absorption spectrum of the pigment
a graph depicting the efficiency of photon absorption by a pigment molecule as a function of photon wavelength is known as the
passed back to the b6-f complex rather than passing on the NADP+
a key difference between noncyclic photophosphorlation and cyclic photophosphorylation is that in cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons are
1
a key role of photosystem ___ is to make NADPH
a photon
a particle of light that acts as a discrete bundle of energy is called
photosystems
almost all photosynthetic organisms capture light using
roughly equal amounts of ATP and NADPH
in noncyclic photophosphorlation, how much of each product is synthesized
chlorophyll
in photosynthesis, ____ molecules preferentially absorb violet-blue and red light
energy
in the light-harvesting complex of the chloroplast, it is excitation _____, not the electrons themselves, that pass from one pigment molecule to the next
reduces the ability of a plant to make carbohydrates it reduces the yield of photosynthesis
photorespiration is considered 'wasteful' because
photosystems
photosynthetic pigments in the chloroplast are organized into distinct clusters known as
evolutionary related
the ATP synthases of chloroplasts and mitochondria are
thylakoid
the ______ membrane contains pigments molecules, including chlorophyll
C3
the calvin cycle is also known as ____ photosynthesis because the first intermediate of the cycle contains three carbon atoms.
donor
the electron that is transferred out of the chlorophyll is the reaction center is restored from a nearby weak electron ____.
sun and photosynthesis
the energy used bu most living cells comes ultimately from the _____ and is captured through a process of _______.
700 nm and 680 nm
the enhancement effect states that the rate of photosynthesis is fastest when both photosystems are activated. which wavelengh(s) of light would be most appropriate to demonstrate the enchancement effect
carbon fixation
the formation of organic molecules from carbon dioxide is called
Thylakiod
the inner ( internal) membrane of the chloroplast is also called the ______ membrane
solar; chemical
the light reactions convert _____ energy into ____ energy stored in covalent bonds
2
the reaction center of purple photosynthetic bacteria ___ bacteriochlorophyll a molecule
NADP+ reductase
the synthesis of NADPH is catalyzed by which of the following
fixation
the third stage of photosynthesis is also called _____
two
typically, it is considered that the net gain of the calvin cycle is _____ molecules of G3P
carbon fixation
van niel introduced the term ______ _______ to denote the process of converting CO2 into organic matter using the electrons and protons resulting from the splitting of water
G3P
which of the following is in the primary output of the calvin cycle
anoxygenic bacteria
which of the following organisms have only one photosystems
anoxygenic bacteria
which of the following organisms have only photosystem
they can oxidize water
which of the following statements about anoxgenic bacteria is NOT true
photosystems II
which photosystem's main function is to generate high-energy electrons for the synthesis of ATP
because plants close their stomata, inhibiting CO2, uptake and increasing O2
why do hot and dry conditions favor photorespiration
because plants close their stomata, inhibiting CO2 uptake and increasing O2
why do hot and dry conditions favor photorespiration?
sythase; stroma
As protons pass through the ATP ______ channels, ADP is phosphorylated to ATP and released into the _____ of the chloroplast
By a cytochrome/b6-f complex
How are photosystems II and photosystems I in the chloroplast connected
2
How many types of photosystems are found in chloroplasts
H2A
In Van Niel's generalization equation of photosynthesis, which of the following is the donor of electrons
manganese
In addition to chlorophyll molecules and proteins, the reaction center of photosystem II also contains four ______ atoms.
noncyclic photophosphorylation
In chloroplasts, electrons ejected from photosystems do not return to them, which is known as
carotenoids
The two most important classes of pigments in chloroplasts are chlorophylls and _________
two
Typically, it is considered that the net gain of the calvin cycle is ____ of G3P
plastocyanin
during photosynthesis in chloroplasts, photosystem I accepts an electron from a small copper-containing protein called
by capturing light wavelenghts that are not efficiently absorbed by chlorophylls
how do carotenoids assist in the photosynthetic process
it allows them to use electrons from water to reduce NADP+
how do plants benefit from having two linked photosystems
It is a transmembrane complex
how is the reaction center positioned in the membrane
strong electron donor
reduced quinone is a
chloroplast; thylakoid
similar to a mitochondrion a _____ contains an outer and inner membrane, with an intermembrane space between the two. Unlike a mitochondion, it also contains chlorophll-containing membranes called _____ memebranes
light; chlorophyll; free
similar to other pigments, carotenoids assist photosynthesis by capturing energy from _____, however, they absorb wavelength that are not efficiently absorbed by _____. in addition, they scavenge ____ radicals.
water
what is split during photosynthesis in plants resulting in the production of oxygen
rubisco
what is the name of the enzyme that incorporates CO2 into organic matter during the Calvin cycle
it carries electrons from the b6-f complex I
what is the role of plastocyanin in photosynthesis (in plants)
it carries the electrons from b6-f complex to photosystem I
what is the role of plastocyanin in photosynthesis (in plants)
An excited electron is transferred to an acceptor molecule
what occurs during the charge separation stage of thylakoid reactions
a photon is captured by a pigment in the photosystem
what occurs during the primary photoevent
NADPH and ATP
which of the following are necessary for carbon fixation in the calvin cycle
can only fix carbon using the calvin cycle
A C3 plant
NADPH
A key role of photosystem I is to produce high-energy electrons that are used to make _____
I
A key role of photosystem ___ is to make NADPH
reflecting green light
A leaf that appears to be green to the human eye contains pigment molecules that are
a particle and a wave
A photon of light has properties of both
one
Anoxygenic bateria have how many photosystems
NADP+
Durinf the electron transport stage of the thylakoid reactions electrons are shufffled along a series of electron carrier molecules, eventually reaching the final acceptor. this final acceptor is
cyclic photophosphorylation
In anoxygenic bacteria, excited electrons that are transferred out of the photosystem eventually return back to the chlorophyll in the reaction center; this process is known as
Photorespiration
In hot and dry conditions, the process of _______ can reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis by 20-50%
carbon dioxide
In photosynthesis, glucose is produced via the reduction of which of the following
electrons
In the reaction center which of the following excited subatomic particles are transferred to an acceptor
Van Helmont
Jan Baptista _____ ______ performed an experiment for which he grew a williow tree in a pot for several years, during which time he kept an exact record of changes of weight of the soil.