Chapter 8: project quality management
ISO 9000
...
control chart
..., A graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time.
cost of nonconformance
..., taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations
conformance to requirements
..., the project processes and products that meet written specifications
maturity model
...a framework for helping organizations improve their processes and systems
capability maturity model integration (CMMI)
...a process improvement approach that provides organizations with the essential elements of effective process
fitness for use
...a product that can be used as it was intended
design of experiments
...a quality technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process
DMAIC( define, measure, analyze, improve control)
...a systematic,closed loop process for continued improvement that i scientific and fact based
checksheet
...a technique used to collect and analyze data; sometimes called a tally sheet or a checklist
lean
...an approach for improving quality that involves evaluating processes to maximize customer value while maintaining waste
defect
...any instance in which the product or service fails to meet customer requirements
performance
...how well a product or service performs the customers intended use
measurement and test equipment costs
...the capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities
maintainability
...the ease of performing maintenance on product
histogram
..a bar graph of a distribution of variables
fishbone diagram
..a diagram that traces complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations to help find the root cause; also known as a fishbone diagram or ishikawa diagram
ishikawa diagram
..a diagram that traces complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations to help find the root cause; also known as a fishbone diagram or ishikawa diagram
six sigma
A comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success; uniquely driven by close understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data, and statistical analysis, and diligent attention to managing, improving, and reinventing business processes.
Pareto Chart
A histogram that can help you identify and prioritize problem areas
benchmarking
a technique used to generate ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization ...
unit test
a test of each individual component to ensure that it is defect free as possible
process adjustments
adjustments made to correct or prevent further quality problems based on quality control measurements
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
an award started in 1987 to recognize companies that have achieved a level of world-class competition through quality management ...
user acceptance testing
an indépendant test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system
system testing
testing the entire system as one entity to ensure that it is working properly
reliability
the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions
mean
the average value of a population
appraisal cost
the cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within an acceptable error range
functionality
the degree to which a system performs its intended function
yield
the number of units handled correctly through the development process
system outputs
the screens and reports the system generates
features
the special characteristics that appeal to users ...
quality
the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs or the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements
integration testing
...testing that occurs between unit and system testing to test functionality grouped components and ensure that a subset or subsets of the entire system work together
cost of quality
...the cost of conformance plus the cost of non-conformance
rework
Action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations
prevention cost
Cost of planning and executing a project so it is error-free or within an acceptable error range
scatter diagram
Diagram that shows relationship between data items using x and y axes.
project quality management
Ensuring that the project will satisfy the stated and implied needs for which it was undertaken
seven run rule
If seven data points in a row on a quality control chart are all below the mean, above the mean, or are all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for nonrandom problems
kaizen
Japanese word for improvement or change for the better; an approach used for continuously improving quality in organizations
normal distribution
a bell shaped curve that is symmetrical about the mean of the population
internal failure cost
a cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product
external failure cost
a cost related to all errors that are not detected and corrected before delivery to the consumer ...
cause and effect diagram
a diagram that traces complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations to help find the root cause; also known as a fishbone diagram or ishikawa diagram
flowchart
a graphic display of the logic and flow of processes that helps you analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved
software quality function deployment( SQFD) model
a maturity model that focuses in defining user requirements and planning software projects
standard deviation
a measure of how much variation exists in a distribution of data
six 9s of quality
a measure of quality control equal to one fault in one million opportunities
metric
a standard of measurement
software defect
anything that must be changed before deliver of the program
run chart
chart that displays the history and pattern of variation of a process over time
statistical sampling
choosing part of a population of interest for inspection
conformance
delivering products that meet requirements and fitness for use
quality circles
groups of non supervisors and work leaders in a single company department who volunteer to conduct group studies on how to improve the effectiveness of work in their department
pareto analysis
identifying the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system
robust design methods
methods that focus on eliminating defects by substituting scientific inquiry for trial-and-error methods
quality control
monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards and identifying ways to improve overall quality
quality assurance
periodic evaluation of overall project performance to ensure tha the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards
quality audit
structured review of specific quality management activities that helps identify lessons learned and can improve performance on current or future projects