Chapter 8 Pysch Quiz study guide
What was Gardner's theory? Describe Howard Gardner's theory of eight intelligences
"Theory of Multiple Intelligence" breaks down into many subtypes of intelligence so there's always a strength somewhere and a weakness 1. Language (linguistic abilities): writer, lawyer, comedian 2. Logic and Math (numeric abilities): scientists, accountant, programmer 3. Visual and Spacial (pictorial abilities): engineer, inventor, artist 4. Music (musical abilities): composer, musician, music critic 5. Bodily-kinesthetic (physical abilities): dancer, athlete, surgeon 6. Intrapersonal (self-knowledge): poet, actor minister 7. Interpersonal (social abilities): psychologist, teacher, politian 8. Naturalist (an ability to understand the natural environment): biologist, medicine man, organic farmer.
Describe Robert Sternberg's theory of three intelligences
"Triarch Theory of Successful Intelligence" so 3 things someone must have: analytic, practical, creative. (street smart, book smart, creative)
Compare and contrast the different theories
- summary - strengths - other considerations Spearman's general intelligence (g) -A basic intelligence predicts our abilities in many different academic areas. -Different abilities, such as verbal and spatial, do have some tendency to correlate. -Human abilities are too varied to be presented as a single general intelligence factor. Gardner's multiple intelligences -Our abilities are best viewed as eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts. -Intelligence is more than just verbal and mathematical skills. Other equally important abilities help us adapt. -Should all abilities be considered intelligences? -Shouldn't some be called less vital talents? Sternberg's triarchic theory -Three areas of intelligence—analytical, creative, and practical—predict real world success. -These three areas cover the different talents we call intelligence. -These three areas may be less independent than Sternberg thought and may actually share an underlying g factor.
What are some useful tips for growing your own creativity?
-Develop your expertise. Become an expert at something. Ask yourself what you care about and most enjoy and then follow your passion. • Allow time for ideas to hatch. A broad base of knowledge provides building blocks that can be combined in new and creative ways. During periods of inattention ("sleeping on a problem"), automatic processing can help associations to form (Zhong et al., 2008) . So think hard on a problem, but then set it aside and come back to it later. • Set aside time for your mind to roam freely. Detach from attention-grabbing television, social networking, and video gaming. Jog, go for a long walk, or meditate. • Experience other cultures and ways of thinking. Expose yourself to multicultural experiences. Viewing life from a different perspective sets the creative juices flowing. Students who have spent time abroad are more adept at working out creative solutions to problems (Leung et al., 2008; Maddux et al., 2009, 2010) . Even if you can't afford to travel abroad, you can get out of your neighborhood and spend time in a different sort of place.
savant syndrome, how does it relate to the theory of multiple intelligences
-a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. -gardner sees other evidence of multiple intelligences. Despite their island of brilliance (their special talent), these people often score low on intelligence tests and may have limited or no language ability
What strategies do individuals use to solve problems?
An algorithm is a methodical, logical rule or procedure (such as a step-by-step description for evacuating a building during a fire) that guarantees a solution to a problem. A heuristic is a simpler strategy (such as running for an exit if you smell smoke) that is usually speedier than an algorithm but is also more error-prone. Insight is not a strategy-based solution, but rather a sudden flash of inspiration that solves a problem. Obstacles to problem solving include confirmation bias, which predisposes us to verify rather than challenge our hypotheses, and fixation, such as mental set, which may prevent us from taking the fresh perspective that would lead to a solution.
How and why racial and ethnic groups differ in mental ability scores?
As a group, American Whites have scored higher than their Hispanic and Black counterparts; this gap was wider a half-century ago than it is now. The evidence suggests that environmental differences are largely, perhaps entirely responsible for these group differences.
Describe the experience of Allen Gardner and Beatriz Gardner, when they taught sign language to a chimpanzee named Washoe
Beatrix and Allen Gardner used operant conditioning and imitation to teach a female chimp to use ASL. David Premack taught a chimp to use 130 "words" consisting of plastic chips arranged on a magnetized board.
What is a cross-sectional study? Longitudinal study?
Cross-sectional studies compare people of different ages with one another. • Longitudinal studies restudy and retest the same people over a long period of time.
Lewis Terman
Developed American version of the Binet-Simon test, called the Stanford- Binet test, for ages 2 to adult
What do twin studies tell us about the relationship between genetics and intelligence scores?
Does sharing the same genes also mean sharing the same mental abilities? As you can see from FIGURE 8.11 (turn the page) , which summarizes many studies, the answer is Yes.
What is the role of environment in between group differences
Even if the variation between members within a group reflects genetic differences, the average difference between groups may be wholly due to the environment. Imagine that seeds from the same mixture are sown in different soils. Although height differences within each window box of flowers will be genetic, the height difference between the two groups will be environmental.
Sternberg's five ingredients of creativity
Expertise Imaginative thinking Venturesome personality Intrinsic Motivation Creative environment
What are the three characteristics of a good test
To be widely accepted, a psychological test must be standardized, reliable, and valid
What brain areas are involved in language processing and speech?
Two important language-and speech-processing areas are Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe that controls language expression, and Wernicke's area, a region in the left temporal lobe that controls language reception. Language processing is spread across other brain areas as well, where different neural networks handle specific linguistic subtasks.
Are we able to think without language?
We often think in images when we use nondeclarative (procedural) memory—our automatic memory system for motor and cognitive skills and classically conditioned associations. Thinking in images can increase our skills when we mentally practice upcoming events.
David Wechsler
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Performance and verbal subtests.
Describe the results of a research study conducted by Ian Deary
When Ian Deary and his colleagues (2004) retested 80-year- old Scots, using an intelligence test they had taken as 11-year-olds, their scores across seven decades correlated +.66. (When 207 survivors were again retested at age 87, the correlation with their age 11 scores was +.51
How does crystalized & fluid intelligences change as we age?
With age we lose and we win. We lose recall memory and processing speed, but we gain vocabulary knowl- edge. Our decisions also become less distorted by negative emo- tions such as anxiety, depression, or anger. These life-span differences in mental abilities help explain why older adults are less likely to embrace new technolo- gies
Does heredity contribute most to individual differences (within a group) or group differences
Within each group, the differences between individuals are mainly a reflection of genetic dif- ferences. Between the two groups, the difference is mainly environmental
Intelligence Quotients (IQ)
You have to compare the mental age, chronicle age, and intelligence quotient. When the SB5 was first used, IQ was defined as mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100. Calculating IQ scores allows a comparison between children with different chronological and mental ages. (10 yr old has a mental age of 12, IQ score is 120) A persons IQ score will be 100 when their mental age equals their chronological age 100=average intelligence
general intelligence
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as an average 8-year - old is said to have a mental age of 8.
Concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching a new item to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-pron- use of heuristics.
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
Critical Period
a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for info. that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
Describe the stages of language development in your children
babbling stage beginning at about 4 months,- the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. one - word stage the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. two - word stage beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two - word statements. telegraphic speech early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"— using mostly nouns and verbs.
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.
how can the availability heuristic, overconfidence, belief perseverance, and framing influence our decisions and judgments?
euristics enable snap judgments. Using the availability heuristic, we judge the likelihood of things based on how readily they come to mind, which often leads us to fear the wrong things. Overconfidence can lead us to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs. When a belief we have formed and explained has been discredited, belief perseverance may cause us to cling to that belief. A remedy for belief perseverance is to consider how we might have explained an opposite result. Framing is the way a question or statement is worded. Subtle wording differences can dramatically alter our responses.
iQ and Environment Evidence
for an environmental view of intelligence comes from adoption studies. Orphans lose points on IQ becuase they dont have parents, love etc.
What is grammar?
in a specific language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Describe intelligence across the lifespan. Is intelligence a stable trait? Do a person's intelligence scores remain stable over time?
intelligence endures. By age 4, children's intelligence test scores begin to predict their adolescent and adult scores. By late adolescence, intelligence and other apti- tude scores display remarkable stability.
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon Developed the first intelligence test (1904-1911)
Identifies students who need extra help Tests many normal children at each age Compares individual's score to "normal" scores Mental age Chronological age
How is intelligence influenced by nature and nurture? What does it mean when we say that a trait is heritable?
In the final analysis, intelligence reflects development as well as potential, nurture as well as nature. Moreover, the fact that intelligence is partly determined by heredity tells us little if any real value. Genes are fixed at birth. Improving the environments in which children learn and grow is the main way in which we acn ensure that they reach their full potential.
What are the milestones in language development?
Language development's timing varies, but all children follow the same sequence. Receptive language (the ability to understand what is said to or about you) develops before productive language (the ability to produce words). At about 4 months of age, infants babble, making sounds found in languages from all over the world. By about 10 months, their babbling contains only the sounds found in their household language. Around 12 months of age, children begin to speak in single words. This one-word stage evolves into two-word (telegraphic) utterances before their second birthday, after which they begin speaking in full sentences.
How do we acquire language?
Linguist Noam Chomsky has proposed that all human languages share a universal grammar—the basic building blocks of language—and that humans are born with a predisposition to learn language. We acquire specific language through learning as our biology and experience interact. Childhood is a critical period for learning to speak and/or sign fluently. This is an important consideration for parents of deaf children, who might master oral communication if given a cochlear implant during this critical period. Deaf culture advocates oppose such implants on the grounds that deafness is a difference, not a disability.
How and why do the genders differ in mental ability scores?
Males and females tend to have the same average intelligence test scores. They differ in some specific abilities. Girls are better spellers, more verbally fluent, better at locating objects, better at detecting emotions, and more sensitive to touch, taste, and color. Boys outperform girls at spatial ability and related mathematics, though girls outperform boys in math computation. Boys also outnumber girls at the low and high extremes of mental abilities. Psychologists debate evolutionary, brain-based, and cultural explanations of such gender differences.
the four abilities of emotional intelligence
Percieving emotions Understanding emotions Managing emotions Using emotions
What do we know about other species' capacity for language?
Researchers make inferences about other species' consciousness and intelligence based on behavior. The main focus of such research has been the great apes, but other species have also been studied. Evidence to date shows that other species can use concepts, numbers, and tools, and they can transmit learning from one generation to the next (cultural transmission). They also show insight, self-awareness, altruism, cooperation, grief, and an ability to read intentions.
language
Spoken, written, or signed words and the way they are combined to communicate meaning.
belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
what obstacles hinder problem solving?
confirmation bias, mental set
Emotional intelligence?
The ability to work with your emotions.
heritability
the portion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the population and the environment
what are the functions of concepts?
we use concepts to simplify and order the world around us. we form most of our concepts around prototypes, or best examples of a category.
Deary found evidence that more intelligent people live healthier and longer lives. What are four possible explanations for this phenomenon?
yes Deary (2008) offered four possible explanations: • Intelligence gives people better access to more education, better jobs, and a healthier environment. • Intelligence encourages healthy living: less smoking, better diet, more exercise. • Prenatal events or early childhood illnesses could influence both intelligence and health. • A "well-wired body," as evidenced by fast reaction speeds, may foster both intelligence and longer life.
Are animals capable of using concepts and numbers? Do animals display insight? Can animals use tools and transmit culture?
yes, yes, yes
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct- to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
framing
the way an issue is posted; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
four forces that feed fear and cause us to ignore higher risks.
1. We fear what our ancestral history has prepared us to fear. Human emotions were road-tested in the Stone Age. Our old brain prepares us to fear yesterday's risks: snakes, lizards, and spiders (which combined now kill a tiny fraction of the number killed by modern- day threats, such as cars and cigarettes). Yesterday's risks also prepare us to fear confinement and heights, and therefore flying. 2. We fear what we cannot control. Driving we control; flying we do not. 3. We fear what is immediate. The dangers of flying are mostly in the moments of takeoff and landing. The dangers of driving are diffused across many moments to come, each trivially dangerous. 4. Thanks to the availability heuristic, we fear what is most readily avail- able in memory. Powerful, vivid images, like that of United Flight 175 slicing into the World Trade Center, feed our judgments of risk.
Divergent thinking?
Ability to come up w/ a different alternative to an idea
What is intelligence
Ability to reason & solve problems well and to understand/ learn complex material.
What happens if someone tries to learn a new language after the critical period for language has passed?
After the language window closes,even learning a second language becomes more difficult.
Are intelligence tests biased? Describe stereotype threat
Almost all psychologists agree that in this scientific sense, the major U.S. aptitude tests are not biased (Hunt & Carlson, 2007; Neisser et al., 1996; Wigdor & Garner, 1982) . Their pre- dictive validity is roughly the same for women and men, for various races, and for rich and poor. stereotype threat a self - confirming concern that we will be judged based on a negative stereotype.
What is social intelligence?
the know-how involved in understanding social situations and managing ourselves successfully.
normal curve
Population Norming Mean Standard Deviation the bell - shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
what cognitive strategies assist our problem solving?
algorithms and heuristics and insight.
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
What is the difference between an aptitude test, an intelligence test, and an achievement test?
aptitude is capacity to learn, intelligence is comparing people's aptitude tests, and achievement is what you have learned
Convergent thinking?
attempting to find one correct answer
standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
What are some criticisms of multiple intelligences theories
gardner- Concerns over measuring and whether these intelligences only refer to talents and skills factor analysis keeps conFrming that there is in fact a general factor g. • the higher g is, the better predictor it becomes. • intelligence is not enough... practice and expertise matter!
how can the availability heuristic, overconfidence, belief perseverance, and framing influence our decisions and judgments?
heuristics enable snap judgments.
Cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Crystallized intelligence— .
our accumulated knowledge, as reflected in vocabulary and word-power tests— increases as we age, into middle age.
Fluid intelligence—
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, as when solving unfamiliar logic problems—decreases as we age (Park et al., 2002) . It declines gradually until about age 75, and then, especially after age 85, decreases more rapidly
Reliability
test gives consistent scores no matter who takes the test or when they take it
Validity
test measure or predicts what it promises
creativity
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valu- able
productive language
the ability to produce words
Receptive language
the ability to understand what is said to or about you
How do smart thinkers use intuition?
they welcome their intuitions, but when making complex decisions they gather as much info as possible and then take time to let their 2 track mind process all available info.
