CHAPTER 8 QUIZ QUESTIONS 1-10

If a picture is too dark or too light, you can use Photo Gallery's __________ feature to adjust it.

exposure

What types of activities constitute fair use?

he following are examples of fair use activities permitted in the United States: Quotation of excerpts in a review or criticism Summary of an address or article, with brief quotations, in a news report Reproduction by a teacher or student of a small part of a work to illustrate a lesson; this is commonly known as educational fair use

paper mills

websites that sell prewritten or custom- written research papers to students. For custom work, you can even specify what type of grade you would like to get. Some students choose to buy papers to earn them a grade of "C" if they think that it's less likely to arouse suspicion from their instructor. It's illegal in most states to sell essays that will be turned in by students as their own work, but the mills get around this by putting disclaimers on their websites that the papers should be used only for research purposes and not as the student's work. Fortunately, tools are available to instructors for detecting this type of plagiarism.

tangible personal property

which is something that has substance like your smartphone or car

Personal property

which is stuff you own, comes in two types: tangible and intangible.

Is putting a URL that points to a copyrighted website on my social media page copyright infringement?

A URL is a direction for finding a specific page on the Internet. It isn't debatable or open to interpretation; therefore, it's considered a fact. Because facts can't be copyrighted, you can list all the textual URLs you want on your website without committing copyright infringement. However, be sure you don't take copyrighted material, such as a logo or character, to use as a visual link to a website. For instance, using a picture of Mickey Mouse to link to the Disney website may constitute infringement.

Where can I find free e-books?

A great source of free reading is Project Gutenberg (gutenberg.org), a collection of over 49,000 free books in ePub, Kindle, and PDF format. It contains books that are free in the United States because their copyrights have expired. The catalog includes many classic titles like Moby Dick by Herman Melville or science fiction novels by H. G. Wells.

Which of the following is NOT an example of image-editing software?

Adobe Premiere​

Why is photographic infringement widespread on the Internet?

Because it's so easy! Need a picture of the Eiffel Tower for your presentation? Google's image search makes it simple to find a picture. Copy and paste it into your presentation and you're done. Congratulations, you've probably just infringed on someone's copyright!

Do people in the photo have any rights?

Being photographed without your consent generally falls under the realm of privacy. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and various other laws and court cases have recognized Americans' rights to certain amounts of privacy. Usually, if a photographer includes you in a photo (see Figure 8.21) that he or she intends to sell for publication, you'll be asked to sign a model release, which usually grants the photographer the right to use an image of the model (or subject of the photo) commercially. If a picture of you is published without your consent, you might have the basis for a lawsuit. However, be aware that there are times when you agree to allow your photo to be taken and used commercially (usually for publicity), such as when you enter a contest, buy a ticket for an amusement park, or enter an event such as a marathon. So read the conditions on sign-up forms and tickets to ensure you understand any rights you're surrendering.

Which of the following statements is true about e-readers?

Both E ink and backlit e-readers have their own advantages and disadvantages

When does copyright protection begin?

Copyright begins when a work is created and fixed into a digital or physical form. For example, if you record a video of your cat, as soon as you save the video to your phone, the video is subject to copyright protection. There is no need for the video to be registered or even published for it to be protected by copyright.

Can I use copyrighted material if it isn't permitted in the terms of use or there are no terms of use?

Copyright holders can always grant permission to use copyrighted material to an individual or organization. Depending on the material used and the specific nature of the usage, a payment may be required to secure the rights to the copyrighted work. Sometimes though, simply asking permission is enough to get you the rights to use the work for a specific purpose free of charge.

The ________ tool is used to remove extraneous areas around the subject

Crop

How long does copyright last?

Current U.S. law grants copyright for the life of the author (creator) plus 70 years for original works. After you die, any copyrights you own are transferred to your heirs. Therefore, if you write a best-selling e-book in 2020 and die in 2092, your heirs can continue to earn money from the book until the year 2162.

digital rights management (DRM)

DRM is a system of access control that allows only limited use of material that's been legally purchased. It may be that the song can run only on certain devices or a movie can be viewed only a certain number of times. A DRM-free song can be placed on as many computers or players as you wish.

What if I want to publicize my band's music?

Digital music has made the distribution of recordings simple using sites like SoundCloud (soundcloud.com), CD Baby (cdbaby.com), and ReverbNation (reverbnation.com). You can quickly create a web page for your band, post songs, and start building a fan base through social media. ReverbNation sends you reports detailing who's listening to your music and what they're saying about it. ReverbNation is also a way to connect with independent recording labels and to find places that want to book your band.

codec

Different compression algorithms will have different results on your particular video. Try several to see which one does a better job of compressing your file. A codec (compression/decompression) is a rule, implemented in either software or hardware, that squeezes the same audio and video information into less space. Some information will be lost using compression, and there are several different codecs to choose from, each claiming better performance than its competitors. Commonly used codecs include MPEG-4, H.264, and DivX. There's no one codec that's always superior—a codec that works well for a simple interview may not do a good job compressing a live-action scene.

What's different about digital photography?

Digital cameras don't use film. Instead, they capture images on electronic sensors called charge-coupled device (CCD) arrays and then convert those images to digital data, series of numbers that represent the color and brightness of millions of points in the image. Unlike traditional cameras, digital cameras allow you to see your images the instant you shoot them. Most camera models can now record digital video as well as digital photos. Images and video are usually stored on flash memory cards in the camera.

What file formats are used for digital images?

Digital cameras let you choose from several file types in order to compress the image data into less memory space. When you choose to compress your images, you'll lose some of the detail, but in return you'll be able to fit more images on your flash card. The most common file types supported by digital cameras are raw uncompressed data (RAW) and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG): •RAW files have different formats and extensions, depending on the camera manufacturer. The RAW file records all the original image information, so it's larger than a compressed JPEG file. •JPEG files can be compressed just a bit, keeping most of the details, or compressed a great deal, losing some detail. Most cameras let you select from a few JPEG compression levels. Often, cameras also support a very low-resolution option that provides images that aren't useful for printing but are so small that they're easy to e-mail or download quickly. Even people with slow Internet connections are able to quickly download and view such images on screen. Low-resolution images are often used on mobile-friendly websites because the expectation is that the images will be viewed on smaller screens and need to download quickly to save on data.

What kinds of file formats are used in electronic publishing?

Digital formats for publishing vary. Amazon uses a proprietary format (.azw extension), so books purchased for a Kindle aren't transportable to a device that isn't running Kindle software. An open format, ePub, is also supported by some e-readers, and ePub reader extensions (plug-ins) exist for all major browsers, as well as stand-alone ePub reader apps.

Because there are no fixed guidelines on the quantity of material that can be used and still be considered fair use, guidelines have been developed to assist teachers and students. The Consortium of College and University Media Centers developed suggested guidelines for various types of media

Does being a student who uses educational (academic) fair use give me a defense for using any copyrighted material I want?

What is the basis for all e-books?

E Text

What if a website does not have terms of use?

Ferreting out the terms of use on a site can sometimes be tricky. Look for links that say Terms of Use, Restrictions, Copyright, Rules, Media Room, Usage Guidelines, FAQ, or Contact Us. Sometimes, the usage terms aren't displayed until you attempt to download copyrighted material. If you've done a thorough search and can't find them, contact the organization that maintains the website and ask about the site's terms of use.

In the majority of states, the employment at-will principle governs the firing of employees. Employment at-will means that unless you're covered by an employment contract or a collective bargaining agreement, such as a union contract, employers can fire you at any time for any reason, unless the reason violates a legal statute such as race or age discrimination. Your employer is not required to provide you with a reason for the firing but can simply tell you not to report for work any longer. You do have a constitutional right to free speech. However, that doesn't mean your employer is going to agree with your opinions. Therefore, it's a good idea to familiarize yourself with your employer's social media policies. Many employers now have such policies, and they usually prevent you from saying disparaging things about your employer, work environment, customers, and co-workers on social media sites. Also, giving the appearance that your employer supports an activity or political agenda is usually prohibited (see Figure 8.35), so make sure you're aware of the rules at your workplace.

How can an employer fire me for writing something on my own time?

How is intellectual property categorized?

IP is divided into five broad categories: copyright, patents, trademarks, service marks, and trade dress. Each category has its own laws of protection.

Whom do I contact for permission?

Identifying the appropriate contact from which to obtain permission depends on the nature of the intellectual property. Sometimes it can be difficult to tell who actually owns the copyright, or the particular rights you need, to a piece of media. The creator may not be the copyright holder any longer. He or she may have sold the rights to another party. Figure 8.25 provides suggestions about permission contacts.

persistence of information

If you say something or do something you wish you hadn't done in real life, most people will forget about it eventually. However, given the persistence of information on the Internet, pictures, videos, and narratives about you might never disappear. Even if you delete something, it probably still exists somewhere. There are numerous examples of politicians tweeting something they later regret and deleting it from their Twitter feed, only to find many people have captured and saved their tweet already. Sites such as the Internet Archive (archive.org) feature utilities such as the Wayback Machine that show you what a website looked like at a previous point in time. Ever wonder what Yahoo! looked like in the early days? A search on the Wayback Machine shows you that in 1996 it looked like Figure 8.34.

How do you control the size of an MP3 file?

If you're ripping, or converting, a song from a CD to a digital MP3 file, you can select the sampling rate yourself. You decide by considering what quality sound you want as well as how many songs you want to fit onto your device. For example, 1 GB of storage could hold about 700 minutes of music if you've ripped songs at 192 kbps. The same 1 GB could store three times as much music if it were sampled at 64 kbps.

How widespread is software piracy?

In some countries, such as Indonesia and China, software piracy is rampant. Piracy rates approach 90 percent in some areas of the world. Although less of a problem in the United States on a percentage basis, the United States still leads the world in lost revenue from software piracy.

tag

Information is constantly added to the Internet about many of us, even by people we don't know. It can be challenging to control the information that contributes to your online reputation. If you go to a party and guests take pictures of you, they may post their pictures to sites and identify (or tag) you in them. Your friends might write about you on their Facebook or Twitter feed. No matter whether this information is true, false, misleading, embarrassing, or disturbing, it's part of your online reputation.

What kinds of files will I end up with?

Quicktime - .qt, .mov free MPEG - .mpg, .mpeg, .mp4. Standard video in 2000's recognized by most video sodftware Windows Media Video . wmv Microsoft Video - .avi Microsoft File format recognized by windows media player

The file type that is a lossy format, compressed file used for web pages is

JPEG

How can I avoid committing plagiarism?

Learn to follow this simple maxim: When in doubt, cite your source. If you're taking an exact quote from a work, cite the source. If you're paraphrasing someone else's idea but still retaining the essence of their original, creative idea, cite the source.

What's the best way to transfer my photos from my stand-alone camera to my computer?

Many cameras support wireless connections so you can transfer images without connecting cables. If that isn't available, you can connect the camera to your computer through a USB port or transfer the flash card from your camera directly to a built-in memory card reader on your computer

How do I cite a printed source properly?

Many different styles of citations have been developed by organizations such as the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA). Ask your instructor which style is preferred. Regardless of the style, readers of your work need enough information to find the sources you cite. Microsoft Word has built-in features that make creating citations easy (see the Try This feature in Chapter 4 for more information).

How can I tell if something on social media is a hoax?

Many hoaxes are well written and crafted in such a way that they sound real. Before sharing the post, check it out at sites such as Snopes (snopes.com), Hoax-Slayer (hoax-slayer.com), or the Museum of Hoaxes (hoaxes.org). These sites are searchable, so you can enter a few keywords from the item you suspect may be a hoax and find similar items with an explanation of whether they're true or false.

urban legends

Many hoaxes become so well known that they're incorporated into society as true events even though they're false. Once this happens, they're known as urban legends. An example of an urban legend is the story about a man who wakes up in a bathtub full of ice water to discover he's had his kidney removed.

Under what circumstances can I use copyrighted material?

Many websites that contain copyrighted material also contain lengthy legal documents that delineate the terms of use for the material that you download from the site (see Figure 8.23). It's important to read the terms of use before using any copyrighted material on the site. Failure to read the terms of use doesn't absolve you from liability for using copyrighted material without permission.

Digital manipulation

Now that we have computer apps that can generate life-like images for movies and alter photographs, can we believe anything we see? Digital manipulation involves altering media so that the images captured are changed from the way they were originally seen by the human eye.

trade dress

Similar to a trademark, a trade dress applies to the visual appearance of a product or its packaging. The unique shape of the iconic Coca Cola bottle is an example of trade dress. Most digital assets you create will be protected by copyright. In this section, we'll discuss the basic tenets of copyright and how it protects you

What can my instructor do to detect plagiarism?

Sometimes, just reading a student's work is a giveaway. If the level of writing improves dramatically from earlier assignments, most instructors become suspicious. Most colleges allow instructors to test students orally on the content of papers they suspect aren't the student's own work. If a student is unfamiliar with the content of the paper and the sources used, charges of academic dishonesty can be brought against the student. Typing suspicious phrases from a paper into a search engine is an effective way to find uncredited sources. Also, most school libraries subscribe to searchable databases of periodicals that contain the full text of published articles. This aids instructors in ferreting out plagiarism from printed sources. Educational institutions also often subscribe to specialized electronic tools such as Turnitin (turnitin.com). The subscription enables instructors to upload student papers, which are then checked against databases of published journals and periodicals, previously submitted student papers, and websites—both current sites and archived sites that are no longer live. Customized reports, such as the one shown in Figure 8.27, are generated to determine the amount of suspected plagiarism in the paper. Instructors have the option of letting students upload their papers to check them for inadvertent plagiarism to give them a chance to cite uncredited sources before turning in their final product. he Turnitin feedback report for this paper clearly shows that this paper was plagiarized directly from Wikipedia.

Will streaming music services eliminate radio stations

The Internet allows artists to release new songs to their fans (on sites such as SoundCloud) without relying on radio airtime. This opens up channels for artists to reach an audience and changes the amount of power radio stations have in the promotion of music. Many radio stations have increased listenership by making their stations available through Internet sites and by broadcasting in high-definition quality.

What determines the quality of a digital image?

The overall image quality is determined by many factors: •Lens quality •Image sensor size •File format and compression used •Color management software included •The camera's resolution

analog

These sound and light waves are called analog waves or continuous waves. They illustrate the loudness of a sound or the brightness of the colors in an image at a given time. They're continuous signals because you would never have to lift your pencil off the page to draw them; they're just long, continuous lines. First-generation recording devices such as vinyl records and analog television broadcasts were designed to reproduce these sound and light waves. A needle in the groove of a vinyl record vibrates in the same pattern as the original sound wave. Analog television signals are actually waves that tell an analog TV how to display the same color and brightness as is seen in the production studio

How do I transfer files to my music device?

To move large volumes of data between your computer and music device, you can connect the devices using a USB port. Cloud services automatically push music to your mobile device. For example, when you purchase a song from iTunes, it's automatically pushed to all your registered iTunes devices—your Mac, your Windows computer (with iTunes installed), your iPad and your iPhone.

How do you know if a photo on the Internet is copyrighted?

Usually information is attached to a photo to indicate it's copyrighted, in the public domain, or that all rights are reserved. If there's no information attached, the safest course of action is to assume that the photo is protected by copyright and you'd need permission to use the photo. Figure 8.22 shows an example of copyright information for a photo on the Flickr website.

What's the quickest way to get my video out to viewers?

Webcasting, or broadcasting your video live to an audience, is a simple option. Use either your phone or a compact camera like a GoPro (see Figure 8.14) and apps like Meerkat and Periscope to stream live video. Snapchat Stories is also a popular option for distributing casual videos. These apps have features like interactive chat next to the video feed so viewers can interact with you while you're live. On many apps, both the chat and video can be captured and archived for viewers who missed the live broadcast.

Who owns the copyright to a photo?

When the photo is taken, the photographer owns the copyright, assuming the photographer was taking photos in a public place or had permission from the property owner. If the photographer was working on a "work for hire" basis, usually the copyright belongs to his or her employer.

What information should I provide in a permission request?

Who you are: Include your contact information (name, address, phone number, and e-mail) and whether you're requesting permission personally or on behalf of an organization. •Which work you're requesting permission to use: Describe the work completely as well as how much of the work you'll be using. •Complete details of your usage of the work: Indicate why you're using the work, if the work is being used as part of a money-making project, where the work will be used (website, book, magazine, etc.), how frequently the work will be used, and if you're making modifications to the work. •The timing of the request: Indicate the date you intend to begin using the work and suggest a deadline for responding to the request.

acceptable use policies

With computers and the Internet becoming ubiquitous tools, more and more ethical decisions revolve around how we use technology. Because of the potential for problems related to misuse of technology, most schools and businesses have adopted acceptable use policies—guidelines regarding usage of computer systems—relating to the use of their computing resources. Your school most likely has a policy similar to that shown in Figure 8.37 with which you should familiarize yourself. You can usually find it on your institution's website, either under the Information Technology department section or the Student Policies section. If you can't locate it, check with the helpdesk personnel at your school; they can likely direct you to the appropriate web page. Among other things, these policies usually cover the following: Keeping your account access (logon ID and password) secure from others Not running a side business with college/business assets Prohibiting attempts to gain access to portions of the computer systems you are not authorized to use Illegally copying legally protected materials, such as software Creating, distributing, or displaying threatening, obscene, racist, sexist, or harassing material Prohibiting the installation of unauthorized software on the institution's computers Conducting any illegal activities with computing systems

public domain

Works without copyright protection are considered to be in the public domain. Works in the public domain are considered public property and therefore, anyone can modify, distribute, copy, or sell them for profit. Some works that were created never had a copyright holder. Examples are traditional folk songs or stories, the origins of which are unknown and can't be attributed to a specific individual. Copyrighted works can lose their copyright protection after their term of protection expires. It can be difficult to determine when works enter the public domain. Therefore, you should probably consider a work to be in the public domain only if there is provable, objective evidence that it's in the public domain or it's clearly identified as being in the public domain. The safest assumption is that all intellectual property you find on the Internet is protected by copyright, unless otherwise stated.

online reputation

Your online reputation consists of the information available about you in cyberspace that can influence people's opinions of you in the real world. Your online reputation is an extension of your real-life reputation—the view held by the community, the general public, friends, family, and others of your general character. Are you considered an honest person? Do you always speak your mind regardless of the consequences? Are you known for defending the rights of less fortunate individuals? These are examples of factors that contribute to society's view of the type of individual you are.

What steps should I take to protect my online reputation?

mprove and update your personal profiles: Make sure your profiles on social media sites are accurate. Update them with new information. Create content on relevant sites: For instance, if you're an up-and-coming interior designer, post positive comments on relevant sites that assist people with some aspect of design. Make sure your name is associated with things people feel good about reading. Post frequently: Posting frequently helps minimize negative information, as newer information tends to come up first in search engine results. Be vigilant: Contact people who've posted negative things about you and see if you can get them to modify or delete them. You need to examine your own reputation periodically. Google yourself and see what information about you is available on the Internet. If you see something that displeases you, ask the poster or the webmaster to remove the offending material. Don't have time to constantly monitor your reputation? Sites such as SocialMention.com (see Figure 8.36) and Trackur (trackur.com) provide tools to conduct searches and generate updates regarding information posted about you on social media sites. These tools can also be used to track mentions about specific topics or businesses that interest you.

Fair use

provides for people to use portions of a copyrighted work for specific purposes without receiving prior permission from the copyright holder. However, there are no specific rules on exactly what amount of use constitutes fair use, which means each case has to be decided on its own merits

hoax

s anything designed to deceive another person either as a practical joke or for financial gain. Hoaxes perpetrated in cyberspace for financial gain are classified as cybercrimes. Hoaxes are most often perpetrated by e-mail and postings on social media.

Plagiarism

the act of copying text or ideas from someone else and claiming them as your own. Using ideas from other sources and integrating them into your work is acceptable only if you clearly indicate the content being used (such as through quotation marks) and attribute your source. Changing a few words but keeping the essence of someone else's idea is still plagiarism even if you don't copy the text exactly. Although the following examples don't involve copying words or ideas without attribution, they're still examples of plagiarism under the academic definition. Turning in work that someone else did for you: Copying the Excel file that was due for homework in your computer literacy class from a classmate is still plagiarism, even though the file isn't a text file. Failing to identify a direct quotation with quotation marks Copying too much material from other sources: If a work consists mostly of quotes and ideas from other sources, even though the source has been identified, it's difficult to justify it as original, creative work. Plagiarism is usually considered an academic offense of dishonesty and isn't punishable under U.S. civil law. Plagiarism is prohibited by almost all academic institutions, and the penalties usually are severe, ranging from receiving a failing grade on the assignment to receiving a failing grade for the course to being dismissed from the institution. Although plagiarism isn't technically copyright infringement, it can easily turn into copyright infringement if too much material is stolen from other sources, such as an entire chapter of a book or an entire research paper. The author may choose to sue you if the market for his or her intellectual property is damaged.

Can I record the digital video that comes over my TV?

A variety of digital video recorders (DVRs) are available, provided by cable companies and independent vendors. Models like TiVo even recommend new shows you might like based on what you've been watching. You can also install personal video recording (PVR) software on your computer. Programs like Kodi (kodi.tv), an open source software media center, let you use your computer to view the program guide, select shows to record, and then watch them from anywhere you have Internet access. Unlike Netflix or other streaming services, Kodi doesn't include content; rather it depends on sources of free content or content from services you may already have.

What types of connectivity are provided on modern TV sets?

A typical HDTV or UHDTV set has multiple HDMI connectors, allowing game consoles, Blu-ray players, computing devices, and cable boxes to be connected and to produce the highest-quality output. HDMI is a single cable that carries all the video and audio information. You can also connect your devices to your TV wirelessly. Roku, Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, and Google's Chromecast let you view content from your device or stream content from the Internet on the big screen without connecting cables.

copyright infringement

A violation of the holder's rights is known as copyright infringement. Illegally copying or using software, music, video, and photos tops the list of digital rights violations on the Internet. Here are a few examples of copyright infringement that you may recognize: •Taking someone else's photo from the Internet and posting it on Instagram •Copying a CD of someone else's music and giving it to a friend •Using a peer-to-peer file sharing service or torrent to download a movie •Copying a copyrighted software app and giving it to your friend

I uploaded clips from TV shows to YouTube. Could I be liable for copyright infringement?

Although many people think that YouTube would be responsible for any infringement, anyone who uploads copyrighted material could be held responsible. Although you might not pay attention when uploading videos, you do agree not to infringe on copyright when uploading the files, as shown in Figure 8.20. Therefore, YouTube has potential legal recourse to recover damages from users who ignore the terms of use on its website. If you've uploaded copyrighted material without permission to YouTube or any other file-sharing site, you should remove it immediately.

If I don't pay for a music download, is it illegal?

Although you're required to pay for most music you download, some artists post songs for free. Business models are evolving as artists and recording companies try to meet audience needs while also protecting their intellectual property rights. Several approaches exist. One is to deliver tethered downloads, in which you pay for the music and own it but are subject to restrictions on its use.

The number of songs or hours of video your device can hold depends on how much storage space it has. Some mobile devices also use flash memory or SD cards storing from 2 to 64 GB.

Another factor that determines how much music a player can hold is the quality of the MP3 files. The size of an MP3 file depends on the digital sampling of the song. The same song could be sampled at a rate anywhere between 64 kbps and 320 kbps. The size of the song file will be five times larger if it's sampled at 320 kbps rather than 64 kbps. The higher the sampling rate, the better quality the sound—but the larger the file.

What is analog photography?

Before digital cameras hit the market, most people used 35-mm single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras. When you take a picture using a traditional SLR camera, a shutter opens, creating an aperture (a small window) that allows light to hit the film inside. Chemicals coating the film react when exposed to light. Later, additional chemicals develop the image on the film, and it's printed on special light-sensitive paper. A variety of lenses and processing techniques, equipment, and filters are needed to create printed photos taken with traditional SLR cameras.

Why would a band object to uploading a music video to YouTube? Wouldn't it be free publicity for them?

Each time someone plays a video that's uploaded illegally to a website, the performer (singer or band), the songwriter, and the music publisher potentially lose money. A song played on a website is considered a live performance. Songwriters and music publishers are entitled to a royalty every time a song is played live, on the radio, on a streaming service (like Spotify), or anywhere on the Internet. Normally, radio stations and streaming services pay royalty fees to Performing Rights Organizations (PROs). The PROs then forward the royalties to the songwriters, music publishers, and other copyright holders. Because you're not paying royalties to a PRO when you view the video on YouTube, someone is losing money.

Two popular technologies are used for representing digital text:

Electronic ink: Electronic ink (E ink) is a sharp grayscale representation of text. The "page" is composed of millions of microcapsules with white and black particles in a clear fluid. Electronic signals can make each spot appear either white or black. E ink devices reflect the light that shines on the page, like paper. E ink gives great contrast and is much easier to read in direct sunlight because there's no glare. High-end e-readers also offer a built-in front light so you can read in any light. Examples of devices using E ink include the Amazon Kindle Paperwhite (see Figure 8.6a). •Backlit monitors: Another option is the high-resolution backlit monitors seen in tablets like the Amazon Fire (see Figure 8.6b). These screens illuminate themselves instead of depending on room lighting. They display color materials, like magazines, with clarity. The glass does reflect glare, though, which makes them hard to use in direct sunlight. Some people experience more fatigue when reading from a backlit device than when using E ink. Also note that E ink readers have a battery life of a month or two on a charge, whereas high-resolution color readers hold a charge for 8 to 10 hours.

high definition

HD stands for high definition. It's a standard of digital television signal that guarantees a specific level of resolution and a specific aspect ratio, the ratio of the width of an image to its height. For example, an aspect ratio of 16:9 might mean an image is 16 ˝ wide and 9 ˝ high. A 1080p HDTV displays 1,920 vertical lines and 1,080 horizontal lines of video on the screen, which is over six times as many pixels as a standard-definition TV. The newest standard, UHDTV (ultra-high-definition television), is also known as 4K or 2160p. A 2160p UHDTV has a resolution of 3840 × 2160 pixels. The aspect ratio used is 16:9 in both formats, which makes the screen wider than it is tall, giving it the same proportions as the rectangular shape of a movie screen (see Figure 8.15). This allows televisions to play movies in widescreen format instead of "letterboxing" the film with black bars on the top and bottom.

Is posting a picture on a social media site really copyright infringement?

If you don't own the copyright to the picture or the rights to display a copyrighted image, then it's copyright infringement. Although you may not have read a social media site's user agreement, most sites, like Pinterest, have users agree not to post material to which they don't own copyright. Of course, if a website provides a Pinterest link for you to share material, you could argue that they're giving you implicit permission to share their material

How do I select a digital camera?

If you want a stand-alone digital camera, you have a number of camera models from which to choose. Some digital cameras are fixed-lens cameras, meaning they come with one lens that you can't change. However, digital SLRs let you switch among different lenses, In addition to allowing you to switch lenses, the size of the image sensor that actually captures the light is critical. Larger sensors demand larger cameras and lenses. Professional digital SLR cameras use a full-frame sensor, whereas smartphones use a compact sensor and use a wider-angle lens to capture the full scene, making them less powerful. Although having such flexibility in selection of lenses and a larger sensor are great advantages, most digital SLR cameras are larger, heavier, and use more battery power than fixed-lens models. Think about how you'll be using your camera and decide which model will serve you best. One resource is Digital Photography Review (dpreview.com), a site that compares cameras (including those in phones) and provides feedback from owners.

What are the best options for printing digital photos

If you want to print photos, you have two main options: 1.Use a photo printer: The most popular and inexpensive ones are inkjet printers. Some inkjet printers can print high-quality color photos, although they vary in speed, quality, and features. Dye-sublimation printers are another option for printing only photos. However, some models print only specific sizes, such as 4˝ × 6˝ prints, so be sure the printer you buy fits your needs. 2.Use a photo-printing service: Most photo-printing labs, including film-processing departments at stores such as Target, offer digital printing services. The paper and ink used at these labs are higher quality than what's available for home use and produce heavier, glossier prints that won't fade. You can send your photos directly to local merchants such as CVS and Target for printing using the merchant's websites that allow uploading from your device or Facebook. Online services, such as Flickr (flickr.com) and Shutterfly (shutterfly.com), store your images and allow you to create hard-copy prints, greeting cards, photo books, calendars, and gifts (like mugs and T-shirts).

software piracy

Illegally using copyrighted software is known as software piracy. If you've ever given a friend a copy of a copyrighted software program or downloaded copyrighted software from a file-sharing site, you've committed infringement. You need to exercise caution when buying software online to ensure that it's a real, fully licensed copy. Otherwise you might not be able to use the software you bought. Most modern software requires a serial number or product key for installation. Typically, the first time you launch the software after installation, this serial number is checked against a database to ensure the software hasn't been installed on more computers than the license allows. This is a form of digital rights management (DRM). If you're buying illegally copied software on the Internet, you might not be able to activate it because too many other people have already used the same serial number.

Copyright does accrue as soon as you create the intellectual property and set it down in digital or physical form. However, registering copyright provides certain advantages, including the ability to sue someone for violating your copyright.

Instructions and forms for registering work for copyright protection can be found on the U.S. Copyright Office website (copyright.gov). Registration can be done online and requires payment of a small fee. Although you can file online, the Library of Congress might still require you to submit a hard copy of your work. It can take up to eight months to receive your notice of registration, but your registration is effective when the Copyright Office receives your registration form. Posting a copyright notice with your work is also a deterrent to copyright infringement, as it establishes the work is copyrighted. A simple format is to use the word copyright (or the copyright symbol—©), the year the work was first published, the copyright holder's name, and optionally, the location of the copyright holder.

JPEG stands for

Joint Photographic Experts Group

Can I get digital video to watch on my portable device?

Most cable providers have apps, like Fios TV to Go from Verizon, that facilitate watching TV shows on your mobile devices. Most DVR units let you transfer recorded shows to files on your PC and format them for viewing on a mobile device. Devices like Slingbox take the video from your TV and broadcast it to you over the Internet. With Slingbox, you can be in another room, or another country, and control and watch your home TV on your laptop or smartphone

What features make digital text and e-readers popular?

One big allure of digital publishing is distribution. Even a 1,000-page book can be delivered to your e-reader in under a minute. An array of titles is available—over 4.5 million books in the Amazon Kindle store alone. In addition, millions of texts without copyright are available for free. The basic features of e-readers offer many advantages over paper books: •Integrated dictionaries pull up a definition when you highlight a word. The Kindle, for example, comes with nine different foreign language dictionaries—a help in reading foreign works. •Note-taking and highlighting are supported, and you can search the text for your own notes or for specific terms. You can also share the notes you make with others. •URL links or links to a glossary are often live. •Bookmarks are pushed through cloud technology so you can read on one device and pick up with your most current bookmark on another. •E-books and audio books of the same title can be linked, so you can switch from reading a book to listening to the book without losing your place. •For comics and graphic novels, you can magnify panels to read them fully.

How can I publish my own works?

Self-publishing is much easier in the age of digital texts. Many options are available: •Self-publish into the Amazon Kindle Store in a matter of minutes and earn up to 70% royalty on sales. The Kindle Direct Publishing site (kdp.amazon.com) has information on self-publishing using the Kindle format. •Use a company like Smashwords (smashwords.com). It accepts a Microsoft Word document from you and then makes your book available through a number of vendors like the Apple iBooks store and the Barnes & Noble e-store. Your book can also be distributed as an app to mobile marketplaces like Google Play or the Apple App Store. •Use a site like Lulu (lulu.com) to learn about social marketing and other techniques for promoting your book. In addition, it offers services from editors, designers, and marketers and can also allow you to offer your e-book for sale as a physical book

Can rights to a copyrighted work be sold?

Rights can be sold or granted for free to various individuals or entities in perpetuity or for a limited time. For instance, if your band is going to appear at a bar, you might grant the bar owner the right to play your band video in his bar for a specific period of time leading up to your performance. Or, you might grant the right to produce and sell DVDs of your performance to a distributor such as CD Baby

Why would anyone risk copyright infringement?

Severe monetary penalties exist for copyright infringement, so why take a chance? Here are a few reasons people have indicated they risk copyright infringement: •Low likelihood of getting caught: If you download three songs from a file-sharing website, are you likely to get caught? Probably not, but that doesn't make it ethical. You're still depriving an artist of his or her livelihood. However, some people commit such acts if they think they can escape notice. •Everyone is doing it: If people think "everyone else does it so why should I miss out?" they might take a chance, especially if the likelihood of getting caught is low. •No one would come after an individual: Many people believe that only large corporations are sued for copyright infringement. But thousands of individuals have been sued by the record and motion picture industries for illegal file sharing. Most of these cases were settled out of court for amounts ranging from $3,000 to $4,000, but court awards have gone higher. The Recording Industry of America (RIAA) and movie studios tend to target supernodes— people who offer thousands of music or video files on P2P networks for sharing—for their legal action, but they can just as easily target you for downloading a movie or a CD of songs. •I'm only downloading one song, picture, etc....it isn't worth that much: Whether you're stealing one candy bar from a convenience store or a box of them from a truck, they're both crimes. Because copyright infringement is prohibited by law, copying one song is still stealing.

How can I get my band's music on streaming sites like Spotify?

Streaming sites usually use artist aggregators like TuneCore and CD Baby rather than dealing with independent artists. Once your music is uploaded to the aggregator, it can be made available to fans on streaming media services at no cost to you.

What are the advantages and drawbacks of licenses designed by Creative Commons?

The advantage to using Creative Commons licenses is that people won't constantly send you permission requests to use your work. The licenses explain how your work can be used. Also, many advocates of copyleft policies feel that creativity is encouraged when people are free to modify other people's work instead of worrying about infringing on copyright. Opponents of Creative Commons licenses complain that the licenses have affected their livelihoods. If millions of images are on Google Photos with Creative Commons licenses that permit free commercial use, professional photographers might have a tougher time selling their work. Furthermore, Creative Commons licenses are irrevocable. If you make a mistake and select the wrong license for your work, or you later find out a work is valuable and you've already selected a license that allows commercial use, you're out of luck. Understanding the meaning of copyright, and copyleft, is important so that you respect the rights of others and so that you can simplify your life in granting permission rights to the works you create.

How is analog converted to digital?

The answer is provided by a process called analog-to-digital conversion. In analog-to-digital conversion, the incoming analog signal is measured many times each second. The strength of the signal at each measurement is recorded as a simple number. The series of numbers produced by the analog-to-digital conversion process gives us the digital form of the wave.

If I work for a company and develop intellectual property, do I own it?

The answer to this question depends on the terms of your employment contract. Works made for hire or works of corporate authorship occur when a company or person pays you to create a work and the company or person owns the copyright when it's completed. Most companies in which IP is developed require employees to sign agreements that any IP developed while working for the company becomes the company's property.

How is digital music created?

To record digital music, the sound waves created by instruments need to be turned into a string of digital information. Figure 8.8 shows the process of digitally recording a song: 1.Playing music creates analog waves. 2.A microphone feeds the sound waves into a chip called an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) inside the recording device. 3.The ADC digitizes the waves into a series of numbers. 4.This series of numbers can be saved in a file and then recorded onto digital media or sent electronically. 5.On the receiving end, a playback device such as a mobile device or a DVD player is fed that same series of numbers. Inside the playback device is a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a chip that converts the digital numbers to a continuous analog wave. 6.That analog wave tells the receiver how to move the speaker cones to reproduce the original waves, resulting in the same sound as the original.

Digital formats describe signals as long strings of numbers. This digital representation gives us a simple way to describe sound and light waves exactly so that sounds and images can be reproduced perfectly any time they're wanted. In addition, we already have easy ways to distribute digital information, such as streaming movies or sending photos in a text message. Digital information can be reproduced exactly and distributed easily. These reasons give digital advantages over an analog format.

Today, all forms of entertainment have migrated to the digital domain

Patents

grant inventors the right to stop others from manufacturing, using, or selling (including importing) their inventions for a period of 20 years from the date the patent is filed. Generally, patents aren't renewable but may be extended under certain circumstances

What file types store digital music?

You're no doubt familiar with the MP3 format used to store digital music, but many others exist, such as AAC and WMA. If you buy a song from the iTunes Store, for example, you receive an AAC-format file (although these files can be converted to other formats within iTunes). Many formats, such as DivX, MPEG-4 (which usually has an .mp4 extension), WMV, and Xvid, hold both video and audio information. All file formats compete on sound and video quality and compression, which relates to how small the file can be and still provide high-quality playback

Can I copyright anything I create?

U.S. copyright law does not protect all ideas, but rather the unique expression of an idea. You can't copyright common phrases, such as "bad boy" or "good girl"; discoverable facts, such as water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit; or old proverbs, such as "To err is human, to forgive divine." However, you can copyright a creative twist on an old phrase

If I own copyright to a work I created, what exactly do I own?

U.S. law grants these rights to a copyright holder: •Reproducing the work: Applies to copying the entire work or just part of the work. For instance, you might sell prints of one of your paintings on Etsy. •Preparing derivative works based on the original work: This means developing any media based on the original work regardless of what form the original is in. Iron Man was originally a character in a Marvel comic book, but he now appears in movies and video games. •Distributing the work to the public: This usually involves selling the work. However, the copyright holder could also loan, rent, or give away the work. •Public performance of the work: This applies to any audiovisual work such as plays, movies, and songs. In the case of audio recordings, this also means digital audio transmission. •Public display of the work: This right usually applies to works of art such as paintings, photographs, and sculptures, but this also includes posting images on the Internet.

Is buying a copyrighted work the same as buying the copyright?

Usually you only buy a physical or digital copy, not the actual copyright. When you buy software, usually what you've purchased is a license to install the software and use it on a specific number of devices. When you purchase music, you've bought the right to listen to the music in a private setting, such as on your phone. When you download a movie or subscribe to Netflix, again you've purchased the right to view the content privately. However, buying copyrighted works is covered by a rule of law known as the first sale doctrine. You have the right to sell, lend, give away, or otherwise dispose of the item you purchase. This principle gives you the right to sell your book to another student at the end of the semester.

What if I decide to add special effects and a sound track?

Video-editing software such as Adobe Premiere presents a storyboard or timeline you can use to manipulate your video file, as shown in Figure 8.12. You can review your clips frame by frame or trim them at any point. You can add titles, audio tracks, and animations; order each segment on the timeline; and correct segments for color balance, brightness, or contrast. Examine online tutorial resources such as Izzy Video podcasts (izzyvideo.com) and No Film School (nofilmschool.com) to learn how to make the most impact with the editing and effects you apply to your video footage. Adobe Premiere allows you to build a movie from video clips (and still photos) and add soundtracks and special effects.

How do courts decide when copyright has been infringed?

When judges consider cases of infringement, they generally examine the extent to which there is a substantial similarity between the copyrighted work and the infringing work. Obviously, if you copy an image from the Internet or burn a copy of a music CD, that is an exact copy and is clearly infringement. What if you wrote a story with a similar plot to an episode of your favorite TV show? The courts will have to determine how similar the characters and plot are to the copyrighted work and if infringement exists.

Can I make my old photos digital?

You can use an all-in-one printer, which contains a flatbed scanner, to turn your old photos into digital files. If lower resolution is acceptable, scanning apps are available that use your phone camera. Most scanner software lets you store the converted images as TIFF files or in compressed JPEG files. Some scanners include hardware that lets you scan film negatives or slides as well, or even insert a stack of photos to be scanned in sequence.

What's the best way to listen to digital music?

You have a number of options for listening to music other than with headphones: •Many audio receivers come with a port or dock so you can connect a mobile device to them as an audio input source. •Networked audio/video receivers have the hardware and software required to connect to your home network and use streaming services like Pandora or Spotify to play music (see Figure 8.9). •New cars are equipped with an auxiliary input to the speaker system to support connecting a mobile device; others have a fully integrated software system (like Apple CarPlay) that displays and runs your playlists, connecting wirelessly to your device over Bluetooth. •Systems like Sonos (see Figure 8.10) can mate wirelessly with a mobile device and broadcast sound throughout the house.

Devices dedicated to displaying e-text (books and magazines) are known as

e-readers

How do I share my photos?

You've probably shared photos on Facebook or Instagram. Both iOS and Android have photo-sharing features that provide access to photos or video you capture from your devices. iCloud Photo Sharing is an option within Apple's iCloud storage that allows you to organize photos and videos into albums and share them. Google Photos (photos.google.com) is an even better option. The Google Photos app (available for Android, iOS, Windows, and macOS) automatically uploads photos from your device to the Google Photos website and syncs them to all your other devices. From the website, you can easily share photos. This is especially handy when you upgrade to new devices because you can maintain access to all the images captured with your old devices. You can also connect your device wirelessly to your TV and deliver slide shows of your photos, complete with musical soundtracks you've selected. If you've networked your home, a TV connected to your network can display all the photos and videos stored on any computer on your network.

Copyleft

a play on the word copyright—is a term for various licensing plans that enable copyright holders to grant certain rights to the work while retaining other rights. Usually, the rights (such as modifying or copying a work) are granted with the stipulation that when users redistribute their work (based on the original work), they agree to be bound by the same terms of the copyleft plan used by the original copyright holder. The General Public License (GNU) is a popular copyleft license used for software. For other works, the Creative Commons, a non-profit organization, has developed a range of licenses that can be used to control rights to works

Free e-books

are available from many sites such as Project Gutenberg

E-readers

are devices that display e-text and have supporting tools, like note-taking, bookmarks, and integrated dictionaries. They're selling at a brisk pace with a range of offerings on the market, including versions of the Amazon Kindle and the Barnes and Noble NOOK.

Intangible personal property

can't be touched—or potentially even seen—yet it still has value. If someone steals your iPad, the action is easily recognizable as theft. However, what if someone tries to steal your ideas? This action moves into the realm of one of the biggest problems in cyberspace: the theft of intangible personal property or intellectual property.

Intellectual property (IP)

is a product of a person's mind and is usually considered an expression of human creativity. Examples of IP are books (or any type of writing), art, music, songs, movies (or any type of video), patents for inventions, formulas (or methods of production), and computer software. IP is considered in-tangible personal property. It's important to distinguish intellectual property from the physical medium that carries it. A music CD is not IP. The music that is contained on a CD is the IP, whereas the CD itself is merely a delivery device. Likewise, a poem is IP, but the piece of paper on which it's written is not.

trademark

is a word, phrase, symbol, or design—or a combination of these—that uniquely identifies and differentiates the goods of one party from those of another

Real property

is considered immoveable, such as land or a home, and it's often called real estate

service mark

is essentially the same as a trademark, but it applies to a service as opposed to a product. The Nike swoosh and McDonald's Golden Arches are trademarks, whereas the FedEx logo is a service mark.

Electronic text (e-text)

is textual information captured digitally so that it can be stored, manipulated, and transmitted by electronic devices. With the increasing usage of e-text, the market for printed materials is changing. In fact, Amazon now sells more Kindle e-books than printed books each year. Mainstream authors who traditionally relied on print publishing, such as Stieg Larsson and James Patterson, have each sold over 1 million e-books. John Locke, a self-published author, has also sold over 1million e-books, giving hope to fledging writers everywhere. But the conversion to digital books is not a 100 percent shift. In the U.S. book market, e-books seem to be settling in at between 20% and 30% of total book sales.

digitized

measured and converted to a stream of numerical values. Consider sound. It's carried to your ears by sound waves, which are actually patterns of pressure changes in the air. Images are our interpretation of the changing intensity of light waves around us

E-books can be purchased from

online stores set up for specific e-readers. Option directly from publishers. Option by subscription in online marketplaces (mainly for textbooks

resolution

or the number of data points it records for each image captured, is measured in megapixels (MP). The word pixel is short for picture element, which is a single dot in a digital image. So-called point-and-shoot models typically offer resolutions from 12 to 20 MP. Professional digital SLR cameras, such as the Canon EOS 5DS, can take photos at resolutions as high as 50.6 MP. If you're interested in making only 5˝ × 7˝ or 8˝ × 10˝ prints, a lower-resolution camera is fine. However, low-resolution images become grainy and pixelated when pushed to larger sizes. For example, if you tried to print an 11˝ × 14˝ enlargement from an 8 MP image taken using your smartphone camera, you'd see individual dots of color instead of a sharp image. The 16- to 24-MP cameras on the market have plenty of resolution to guarantee sharp images even with enlargements as big as 11˝ × 14˝.

Copyright

protection can be granted to creators of "original works of authorship." In the United States, copyrightable works include: •Literary works, including computer software •Musical works, including any accompanying words •Dramatic works, including any accompanying music •Pantomimes and choreographic works •Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works •Motion pictures and other audiovisual works •Sound recordings •Architectural works

Digital convergence

refers to our ability to use a single device to meet all of our media, Internet, entertainment, and phone needs. For example, you see digital convergence in the evolution of smartphones, which now let you do just about anything a computer can do. You can also see the push to digital convergence in the migration of digital devices into environments like the cabin of cars, include LCD touch-screen displays and network adapters so that they can display recipes from websites as well as place a call to the service center and schedule their own repair visit for you. These devices are all a part of the so-called Internet of Things (IoT).

sampling rate

specifies the number of times the analog wave is measured each second. The higher the sampling rate, the more accurately the original wave can be recreated. The improved sound quality higher sampling can afford also depends on the quality of the output device and speakers, of course. However, higher sampling rates also produce more data and therefore result in bigger files. For example, sound waves on CDs are sampled at a rate of approximately 44,000 times a second. This produces a huge list of numbers for even a single minute of a song.

Where do I buy e-books?

•Amazon Kindle devices connect directly to the Amazon Kindle store. •Barnes and Noble NOOK devices work with the Barnes and Noble e-bookstore. •Many publishers sell e-books online that can be read on any kind of device. •Textbooks can be purchased in e-book format directly from the publisher. Another option is a company like VitalSource, which offers 180-day non-expiring subscriptions to digital texts. When the subscription ends, the book disappears from your device

What devices, sites, and other sources provide digital video content?

•Television is broadcast in digitally formatted signals. •The Internet delivers digital video through YouTube, communities like Vimeo (vimeo.com), and webcasting sites like Ustream (video.ibm.com). •Many pay services are available to deliver digital video. These include on-demand streaming from cable providers, iTunes, Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon.