Chapter 8 Racial and ethnic theories

A(n) __________ is a group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics. A) race B) ethnic group C) minority group D) out-group

A

Comedians such as Dave Chapelle, who use their art to make satirical commentary about race relations in the United States, use which of the following strategies of minority groups when dealing with discrimination and prejudice? A) Indirect aggression B) Direct aggression C) Indirect assimilation D) Direct assimilation

A

Education University is being sued. To increase the number of minority students attending their university, the president mandated that "5% of every freshman class must be a minority student." Education university is being sued for enacting a(n) _______ system. A) quota B) affirmative action C) one-drop D) percentage

A

Jordan feels that his dark, long hair causes many of his classmates to recognize him as the member of a minority group. In an effort to blend in with his peers, Jordan dyes his hair blond and cuts it very close to his scalp. Jordan exhibited which of the following reactions to being a discriminated minority group? A) Assimilation B) Acceptance C) Avoidance D) Aggression

A

Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement in the United States was an example of which minority group strategy to dealing with prejudice and discrimination? A) Avoidance B) Aggression C) Assimilation D) Acceptance

A

The criminal justice system in the United States has been found to discriminate against minority groups. Our economic system in the United States has been found to discriminate against individuals who have been convicted of a crime. If a minority job applicant is not hired because of an unjust criminal conviction, the applicant has experienced __________ discrimination. A) side-effect B) past-in-present C) purposeful D) epidemiological

A

The idea that "sometimes people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and create equality" is the central idea of: A) Preference policies B) Privilege policies C) Quota systems D) Strict affirmative action policies

A

When Eric was waiting for class to start, he considered starting a conversation with one of his classmates. However, Eric decided they all looked like "frat boys" and he figured they would have nothing in common, so he sat silently and waited for class to start. Eric's behavior can be best described as: A) Stereotyping B) Negative contact C) Racism D) Institutionalized discrimination

A

When the Serbian army massacred Bosnian civilians while conducting "ethnic cleansing," they were participating in this type of group relation, where the dominant group makes a systematic effort to destroy a minority group: A) Genocide B) Subjugation C) Population transfer D) Assimilation

A

_________ occurs when each ethnic group or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions. A) Pluralism B) Assimilation C) Transnationalism D) Genocide

A

Although Ting is greatly disadvantaged by her culture's treatment of women, she largely accepts her position as the child-care provider for her family and has little desire to change the structure of her family. Ting exhibited which of the following reactions to being a discriminated minority group? A) Assimilation B) Acceptance C) Avoidance D) Aggression

B

Lisa strongly believes that certain groups of humans are biologically inferior to other groups of humans and that this is what explains the cultural and social differences between racial groups. Lisa is demonstrating __________ racism. A) symbolic B) ideological C) institutional D) traditional

B

When Mary, the owner of a large apartment complex, was deciding who to rent an open apartment to, she immediately disregarded the application of 84-year-old Millie because Mary does not rent apartments to old women. Mary's treatment of Millie is best described as: A) Stereotypes B) Individual discrimination C) Negative contact D) Institutional discrimination

B

Which of the following best describes the role of the federal government in defining ethnicity? A) The government passes laws that define how much ancestry an individual must have to be a member of a minority group. B) The government creates ethnic groups by naming them and providing the group with funding. C) The government only provides services to ethnic minorities. D) The government allows individuals to create their own ethnic identification on the census.

B

Which of the following is a function of a ready labor force, according to structural-functional theorists? A) Hostilities between groups create social change. B) The ready labor force will complete menial, unskilled jobs largely unattractive to the majority of society. C) Minority groups provide a target for frustrations. D) Ethnic conflicts establish the dominant group.

B

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the societal level? A) Global political pressures B) Education reform C) Positive contact D) Therapy

B

__________ is a form of subjugation that keeps minorities powerless by formally separating them from the dominant group and depriving them of access to the dominant institutions. A) Slavery B) Segregation C) Population transfer D) Genocide

B

A technique for bringing about change at the institutional and societal levels used by Mahatma Gandhi, Jesse Jackson, and Caesar Chavez was: A) Direct aggression B) Assimilation C) Nonviolent resistance D) Genocide

C

Although unconstitutional a(n) _________ is a requirement that employers must hire a certain percentage of minorities. A) preference policy B) strict affirmative action policy C) quota system D) privilege policy

C

It is the year 3130 and we have begun to colonize Mars. The native Martian population is being moved to the Moon, so that Earth can build a casino, water park, and oil drilling rig on their holy grounds. Governmental officials claim that Martians can and will live happily on the moon, with "little disruption in their day-to-day lives." The Martians are experiencing: A) Subjugation B) Segregation C) Population transfer D) Genocide

C

Minority groups in the United States have, on average, significantly lower net worth than white Americans even when the two have similar education, income, and occupations. Sociologists attribute the wealth gap largely to housing policies that excluded minority individuals from home ownership. This is an example of __________ discrimination. A) side-effect B) purposeful C) past-in-present D) de jure

C

Todd, an English-born lawyer, went to law school in France. Although he practices law in France, he is employed by an English company and maintains residences in London and Paris. He refused to go to the last World Cup Final because France and England were playing, and he is very loyal to both countries. Todd's situation is best described as __________, because he fully participates in and has loyalty to two nations and cultures. A) assimilation B) subjugation C) transnationalism D) pluralism

C

When minority group members internalize prejudiced views about their group and allow these beliefs to shape their behavior, it creates a(n): A) Prejudice B) Stereotype C) Self-fulfilling prophecy D) Frustration

C

Which of the following is a necessity to have pluralism in a society? A) A numerically large minority group B) A social class stratification system C) Legal protection of the distinct group D) One clear minority group and one clear dominant group

C

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the group level? A) Human rights movements B) Education reforms C) Positive contact D) Tolerance-education programs

C

William Julius Wilson refers to the urban poor that exist outside of the functioning economic system as the: A) True minority B) Trapped poor C) Underclass D) Urban center

C

According to Stanley Lieberson's research on the unequal levels of success different immigrant groups have experienced in the United States, one primary factor contributing to the group's success is: A) The willingness of group members to get an education B) The willingness of group members to get a job C) The language skills of the group D) Whether the groups were voluntary or involuntary immigrants

D

Before the civil rights laws were passed in the United States in the 1960s, a number of states had __________ laws that spelled out differential treatment for racial groups. A) Dred Scott B) one-drop C) apartheid D) Jim Crow

D

John, who does not claim to be racist, strongly supports a policy that would prohibit mixed-race couples from adopting children. John is demonstrating: A) An ideology that has nothing to do with racism B) Ideological racism C) Traditional racism D) Symbolic racism

D

The existence of a sector of "clean" jobs and a sector of "dirty" jobs is the key assumption of which theory of group relations? A) Structural functional B) Frustration aggression C) Symbolic interaction D) Split labor market

D

The first time humans were systematically classified into different groups in scientific work was in: A) 1909 by Charles Darwin B) 1816 by Joseph Arthur C) 1939 by Adolf Hitler D) 1735 by Carl von Linne

D

The structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups that results in minority members losing their original identity refers to: A) Pluralism B) Cultural relativism C) Transnationalism D) Assimilation

D

Which of the following is a social cost of group inequalities? A) Minorities may be the target of hate crimes through frustration displacement. B) Minority individuals may suffer from poor self-concepts and low self-esteem. C) Minority individuals may die as a result of ethnic conflict. D) Minority members of a society may not be able to reach their full human potential to maximize their contribute to the society.

D

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at an individual level? A) Human rights movements B) Education reforms C) Positive contact D) Tolerance-education programs

D

__________ occurs when a minority group is blamed for others' failures and shortcomings. A) Self-fulfilling prophecy B) Prejudice C) Stereotyping D) Scapegoating

D

A prejudice is an action that one individual directs toward another individual. A) True B) False

False

According to frustration aggression theory, people rarely displace their frustration by attacking irresponsible parties. A) True B) False

False

According to the text the higher the people's education levels, the more likely they are to avoid those who are different. A) True B) False

False

African American men in the United States have equal earning levels to white men with similar occupations. A) True B) False

False

Biology has proven that race is real. A) True B) False

False

Dominant groups are always a numerical majority. A) True B) False

False

From the conflict perspective, maintaining a cheap pool of laborers serves several purposes for society. A) True B) False

False

Ideological racism is a person's insistence that she or he is not prejudiced or racist. A) True B) False

False

Institutional discrimination cannot exist in the normal or routine ways an organization operates. A) True B) False

False

Quota systems are strictly enforced by the courts. A) True B) False

False

Racial groups are defined by the same characteristics as ethnic groups. A) True B) False

False

Someone with dual-citizenship cannot experience transnationalism. A) True B) False

False

Split labor market theory is a branch of the structural-functionalist perspective. A) True B) False

False

The definition of blackness in the United States has always been that a child is black if one or both parents are black. A) True B) False

False

The forced movement of Native Americans to reservations in the United States was an example of pluralism. A) True B) False

False

The term minority group is used to denote that a group is the statistical minority in a society or culture. A) True B) False

False

Unstructured group contact has been found to break down stereotypes and fears. A) True B) False

False

A young man avoiding eye contact with a neighbor of a different race is an example of individual racism. A) True B) False

True

According to conflict theory, creating a "lesser" group protects the dominant group's advantages. A) True B) False

True

According to frustration aggression theory, many of the perpetrators of racist acts feel angry because they cannot achieve their work or other goals. A) True B) False

True

According to the text, race is real because people believe it is real. A) True B) False

True

According to the text, symbolic racism allows institutional racism to remain in place. A) True B) False

True

Assimilation is more likely to occur when the minority group is culturally similar to the dominant group. A) True B) False

True

Cultural beliefs, including prejudice and discrimination, are passed on from generation to generation through cultural transmission. A) True B) False

True

Displaced aggression involves hostilities directed toward individuals or groups other than the dominant group. A) True B) False

True

In strict affirmative action policies, after making an effort to seek a diverse applicant pool, employers are expected to hire the most qualified candidate that applies for the position. A) True B) False

True

One aspect of symbolic racism is the claim to be color-blind. A) True B) False

True

Purposeful discrimination is sometimes called de jure discrimination. A) True B) False

True

Side-effect discrimination is a form of unintentional discrimination. A) True B) False

True

Since 2003, Hispanics are the largest minority group in the United States. A) True B) False

True

The global human rights movement is a macro-level policy directed at improving dominant and minority group relations worldwide. A) True B) False

True

The idea of "leveling the playing field" is associated with preference policies. A) True B) False

True

There are examples of groups living in harmony in a society with unequal access to power. A) True B) False

True

There is no clear biological or genetic difference between different racial groups. A) True B) False

True