Chapter 8: Skeletal System - Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Fontanelles
'soft spots' on baby's head
Name the bones that make up one side of the lower limb
- 1 femur - 1 patella - 1 tibia - 1 fibula - 7 tarsal bones - 5 metatarsal bones - 14 phalanges
Name the bones of the upper limb (one side)
- 1 humerus - 1 radius - 1 ulna - 8 carpal bones - 5 metacarpal bones - 14 phalanges
What bones can be seen from a lateral view of the skull?
- 1 parietal bone - 1 temporal bone - 1 zygomatic bone - maxilla - mandible - frontal bone - occipital bone - lacrimal bone
Name the bones that make up the pectoral girdle
- 2 clavicles - 2 scapula
How many phalanges does each finger have?
- 3 per finger - 2 per thumb
Vertebra Prominens
- C7 - transition from cervical to thoracic vertebra - spinous process longer than in other cervical vertebrae - easily palpated between the scapulae
What does the sacrum articulate with?
- L5 superiorly - first coccygeal vertebra inferiorly - the 2 hip bones laterally
Sutural Bones
- Wormian bones - represent independent bone ossification centers - most common and numerous in the lambdoid suture
Scoliosis
- abnormal lateral curvature
Name the bony markings of the os coxae
- acetabulum - ilium - ischium - pubis - iliac crest - ischial tuberosity - obturator foramen - pubic symphysis
Name the bone markings of the clavicle
- acrimonial end (flatter) - sternal end
Paranasal Sinuses
- air-filled chambers open into nasal cavity - cause skull bones to be lighter - provide resonance to voice
Sacrum
- anteriorly curved, triangular bone - forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity
Name the bony markings of the sacrum
- apex (projects inferiorly) - base (superior surface)
Occipital Condyles
- articulate with first cervical vertebra of vertebral column (ATLAS) - what the skull rests on
Squamous Suture
- articulates temporal and parietal bone on each side of skull
Facet
- articulating surface - small, flat, shallow surface
Trochlea
- articulating surface - smooth, grooved, pulley-like process
Head
- articulating surface -prominent, rounded epiphysis
Condyle
- articulating surface - large, smooth, rounded oval surface
Coronal Suture
- articulation between frontal and parietal bones - extends laterally across superior surface of skull
Hypoglossal Canal
- at anteromedial edge of each condyle - hypoglassal nerve extends through here (supplies tongue muscles)
How is the skeletal system organized and divided?
- axial skeleton - appendicular skeleton
Anatomical Neck of Humerus
- between head and tubercles - groove marking location of former epiphyseal plate
Foramen Lacerum
- between occipital and temporal bones - covered by cartilage
Structural Features of the Vertebrae
- body - vertebral arch (laminae and pedicles) - vertebral foramen - vertebral canal - intervertebral foramina - spinous process - transverse processes - superior and inferior articular processes - articular facet - intervertebral discs
Deltoid Tuberosity
- bone marking on humerus - site of deltoid muscle attachment
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
- bones of upper and lower limbs - pectoral and pelvic girdles
Sella Turcica
- bony depression on sphenoid - holds pituitary gland
Superciliary Arches
- brow ridges - superior to orbits on anterior surface of frontal bone - larger and more pronounced in males
Name the spinal curvatures
- cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral
Name the regions of the vertebral column?
- cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacrum - coccyx
Secondary Spinal Curvatures
- cervical and lumbar vertebrae - appear after birth (cervical when baby can life his head, lumbar when baby can walk) - help shift trunk weight over the legs
What bones are found in the pectoral girdle?
- clavicle - scapula
Axial Skeleton
- composed of bones along the central body axis - framework supports and protects organs - spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue
Sagittal Suture
- connects left and right parietal bones - extends between coronal and lambdoid sutures
Lambdoid Suture
- connects the 2 parietal bones and the occipital bone - extends across posterior skull surface
Pelvic Brim
- continuous oval ridge - divides pelvis into true and false pelves
What makes the thoracic vertebrae unique in structure?
- costal facets (AKA demifacets) that articulate with the both the head and tubercle of ribs - T11/T12 lack transverse costal facets
Name the bone markings of the sternum
- costal notches
How are the bones of the skull categorized?
- cranial bones - facial bones
Name the cavities of the skull
- cranial cavity - orbits (eye sockets) - oral cavity - nasal cavity - paranasal sinuses
Interosseous Membrane
- dense regular CT - located between the radius and ulna - keeps radius and ulna a fixed distance apart - pivot of rotation for the forearm
Alveolus
- depression - deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible
Fossa
- depression - flattened or shallow depression
Sulcus
- depression - narrow groove
Supraspinous Fossa
- depression superior to spine - supraspinatus muscle attaches here (?)
Crista Galli
- elevation on anteromedial part of cribiform plate - attachment of cranial dural septa of brain
Nasal Complex
- encloses nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
What is the difference between the male and female pelvis?
- female pelvis shallower and wider - females with wider hips - female sacrum shorter and wider
Name the bony markings of the fibula
- fibular articular facet - head - neck - lateral malleolus
Lumbar Vertebrae
- form inferior concave region of the back
Thoracic Vertebrae
- form superior region of the back - each articulates with one or two pairs of ribs
Facial bones
- form the face - protect entrances to digestive and respiratory systems - give shape and individuality to the face - form part of the orbit and nasal cavities - support teeth - provide attachment sites for muscles of facial expression and chewing
Vertebral Canal
- formed by stacked vertebral foramina - contains the spinal cord
Mandible
- forms lower jaw
Parietal Foramina
- found along posterior third of sagittal suture - passage of small veins between brain and scalp
What bones can be seen from a sagittal sectional view of the skull?
- frontal bone - parietal bone - temporal bone - occipital bone - ethmoid bone - sphenoid bones
What bones make up the cranial cavity?
- frontal bone - parietal bone - temporal bone - occipital bone - ethmoid bone - sphenoid bones
What bones can be seen from the anterior view of the skull?
- frontal bone - parietal bone - temporal bone - sphenoid bone - ethmoid bone - lacrimal bone - nasal bone - zygomatic bone - maxilla - inferior nasal concha - mandible
What bones can be seen from the superior view of the skull?
- frontal bone - parietal bones - occipital bone - zygomatic bone - temporal bone - sutural bone
What bones can be seen from an internal view of the cranial base?
- frontal bone - sphenoid bone - temporal bone - parietal bone - occipital bone - ethmoid bone
Spinal Curvatures
- gives column some flexibility - better supports weight of the body than a straight spine
Name the bone markings of the femur
- head - fovea - neck - shaft - greater/lesser trochanter - gluteal tuberosity - linea aspera - popliteal surface - medial/lateral condyles - medial/lateral epicondyles - intercondylar fossa - patellar surface
Name the bony markings of the humerus
- head - greater/lesser tubercle - anatomical/surgical tubercle - shaft - deltoid tuberosity - radial groove - medial/lateral epicondyles - capitulum - trochlea - radial fossa - coronoid fossa - olecranon fossa
Name the bony markings of the radius
- head - neck - radial tuberosity - shaft - styloid process - ulnar notch
Name the bone markings of the ribs
- head - neck - shaft - costal groove - tubercle
Stylomastoid Foramen
- holds facial nerve - between mastoid and styloid process
What bones make up the elbow joint?
- humerus - radius - ulna
Kyphosis
- hunchback - exaggerated thoracic curvature
Name the bones that make up the os coxae
- ilium - ischium - pubis
What bones make up the ossa coxae?
- ilium - ischium - pubis
Surgical Neck of Humerus
- immediately distal to the tubercles - common fracture site
Suture
- immovable joint - form boundaries between cranial bones - connected by dense regular CT - often with intricate interlocking forms - named for bones or features they interconnect
Supination
- in anatomic position, palm of hand facing anteriorly - radius on lateral side - ulna on medial side
Patella
- indirectly articulates with patellar surface of femur - allows tendon to glide more smoothly - protects knee joint - superior broad base - inferior pointed apex
Middle Cranial Fossa
- inferior and posterior to anterior cranial fossa - from posterior edge of lesser wings to anterior regions of petrous temporal bone - houses temporal lobes and pituitary gland
Mastoid Process
- inferior and posterior to the meatus - bump behind external ear opening
Where are the inferior, middle, and superior nasal chonchae found?
- inferior nasal conchae is a facial bone - middle and superior nasal chonchae are bone features of the ethmoid bone
True Pelvis
- inferior to pelvic brim - encloses pelvic cavity and contains pelvic organs
Hyoid Bone
- inferior to skull between mandible and larynx - does not articulate with any other bone - 2 hornlike processes (greater and lesser cornua)
Infraspinous Fossa
- inferior to the spine - infraspinatus muscle attaches here (?)
Pelvic Outlet
- inferiorly placed opening - bounded by coccyx, ischial tuberosities, inferior border of symphysial surface - covered with muscles and skin
Carotid Canal
- internal passageway for carotoid artery - anteromedial to jugular foramen
Jugular Foramen
- internal passageway for jugular vein and several nerves - opening between temporal and occipital bones
Intervertebral foramina
- lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae - passageways for spinal nerves extending to body
Maxillae
- left and right fuse in the midline - form most of upper jaw - form most of lateral boundaries of nasal cavity - form portion of floor of each orbit - form roof of the oral cavity
Cleft Palate
- left and right maxillary and palatine bones incompletely fused
Name the auditory ossicles
- malleus - incus - stapes
Name the main components of the sternum
- manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Name the bone markings on the tibia
- medial/lateral condyles - tibial tuberosity - shaft - medial malleolus
Posterior Cranial Fossa
- most inferior cranial fossa - extends from posterior regions of petrous temporal bones to occipital bone - supports cerebellum and part of brainstem
Anterior Cranial Fossa
- most shallow cranial fossa - formed by frontal, ethmoid, and lesser wings of sphenoid bone - houses frontal lobes of the brain
What bones can be seen from the posterior view of the skull?
- occipital bone - parietal bones - temporal bones - sutural bones - mandible
Medial and Lateral Pterygoid Plates
- on sphenoid bone - form pterygoid process
Sinus
- opening or space - cavity or hollow space in a bone
Fissure
- opening or space - narrow, slitlike opening through a bone
Canal
- opening or space - passageway through a bone
Meatus
- opening or space - passageway through a bone
Foramen
- opening or space - rounded passageway through a bone
Internal Acoustic Meatus
- opens in medial temporal bone - proximal facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve
Orbital Complex
- orbits enclose and protect the eyes and the muscles that move them - multiple bones form each orbit
Pronation
- palm of hand facing posteriorly - bones are crossed (no longer parallel)
What bones make up the roof of the cranium?
- parts of frontal bone - parietal bone - parts of occipital bone
What bones make up the base of the cranium?
- parts of the ethmoid bone - sphenoid bone - occipital bone - temporal bones
Herniated Disc
- pinches spinal cord or nerves - bulging of disc contents into vertebral canal - causes back pain - sometimes treated with surgery
Pterion
- portion of sphenoid bone - articulates with frontal, parietal, and temporal bones
Ramus
- projection for a tendon and ligament - angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure
Process
- projection for a tendon and ligament - any marked bony prominence
Tuberosity
- projection for a tendon and ligament - large, rough projection
Line
- projection for a tendon and ligament - low ridge
Trochanter
- projection for a tendon and ligament - massive, rough projection found only in the femur
Spine
- projection for a tendon and ligament - pointed, slender process
Tubercle
- projection for a tendon and ligament - small, round projection
Epicondyle
- projection for tendon and ligament - projection adjacent to a condyle
Crest
- projection for tendon and ligament attachment - narrow, prominent, ridge like projection
What are the different types of bone markings?
- projections - smooth areas - depressions, grooves, and openings
Vertebral Column
- provides vertical support for body - supports weight of head - helps maintain an upright body position - houses and protects spinal cord
How are the phalanges of the foot labeled?
- proximal, medial, distal - proximal and distal for big toe - roman numerals I - V
How do you label the phalanges?
- proximal, middle, distal phalanx - roman numeral I - V
How are the metatarsals labeled?
- roman numerals I - V - I = medial, big toe - V = lateral, pinky toe
How are metacarpals labeled?
- roman numerals I - V - I = thumb - V = little finger
Name the bones that make up the pelvis
- sacrum - coccyx - ossa coxae (2)
Name the carpal bones in the proximal row of the wrist
- scaphoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform
Name the carpal bones
- scaphoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate
What bones make up the axial skeleton
- skull - vertebral column - thoracic cage (ribs, sternum, clavicle and thoracic vertebrae)
Fovea
- small depression within head of the femur - small ligament connects head to acetabulum
Patellar Surface
- smooth depression on anterior surface of femur - where patella articulates with the femur
What bones make up the internal bones of the skull?
- sphenoid bone - ethmoid bone - inferior nasal concha - vomer - palatine bone
Name the bone markings of the scapula
- spine - acromion - coracoid process - suprascapular notch - glenoid cavity - subscapular fossa - infraspinous fossa - supraspinous fossa
Subscapular Fossa
- subscapularis muscle overlies this fossa - broad anterior surface of scapula
False Pelvis
- superior to pelvic brim - houses inferior abdominal organs
Pelvic Inlet
- superiorly positioned space enclosed by pelvic brim - marks boundary between true and false pelves
What is the purpose of the bones in the skeleton?
- support soft tissues - protect vital organs - bear body's weight - help us move - stores minerals
Bone Markings
- surface features that characterize each bone
Lordosis
- swayback - exaggerated lumbar curvature
Name the 7 tarsals of the ankle
- talus - calcaneus - navicular bone - medial cuneiform - intermediate cuneiform - lateral cuneiform - cuboid bone
What makes lumbar vertebrae unique in structure?
- their size- they are much bigger than cervical or thoracic - bear most of the weight of the body
Primary Spinal Curvatures
- thoracic and sacral vertebrae - present at birth - result in C-shape of column
What bones make up the thoracic cage?
- thoracic vertebrae - ribs - sternum
Name the carpal bones in the distal row of the wrist
- trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate
Name the bony markings of the ulna
- trochlear notch - olecranon - coracoid process - styloid process - tuberosity of ulna
Optic Groove
- where optic nerves cross - houses optic chiasma
Subpubic Angle
- wider and more convex in females - angle when pubic bones aligned at symphysial surfaces
Name the facial bones
- zygomatic bones (2) - lacrimal bones (2) - nasal bone (2?) - inferior nasal conchae (2) - palatine bones (2) - maxillae (2) - unpaired vomer - mandible
Which ribs are true ribs?
1-7
Which ribs are floating ribs?
11 and 12
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
126
How many facial bones make up the skull?
14
How many phalanges are there total in one hand?
14
Inferior Nasal Conchae
2 scroll shaped bones on inferolateral walls of nasal cavity
How many bones in the human body?
206 (varies slightly)
How many bones make up the skull?
22
How many bones make up the vertebrae?
26
How many total phalanges in the human body?
4 x 14 = 56
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many carpal bones make up the wrist?
8
How many cranial bones make up the skull?
8
Which ribs are false ribs?
8-12
How many bones make up the axial skeleton?
80
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
approximately 4 fused
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
approximately 5 fused
Superior/Inferior Temporal Lines
arc across the surface of parietal and frontal bones
Glabella
area superior to nasal bones between orbits
Tubercle of Rib
articular facet for transverse process of thoracic vertebra
Costal Notches
articulates sternum with the ribs
Lacrimal Bone
articulates with maxilla anteriorly and ethmoid bone posteriorly
Proximal Phalanx
articulates with the head of the metacarpals
Plagiocephaly
asymmetric head shape
Distal Phalanx
at the tip of the finger
What is the other name for C1?
atlas
What is the purpose of the girdles of bones?
attach limbs to axial skeleton
Radial Tuberosity
attachment site for biceps brachii muscle
Greater and Lesser Cornua
attachment sites for tongue and larynx muscles and ligaments
What is the other name for C2?
axis
Ischial Tuberosity
bears weight of body in sitting position
Hallux
big toe
What are the largest and second largest bones of the tarsals?
calcaneus and talus
Costal Cartilage
cartilaginous extensions that attach the ribs and sternum together
Mental Protuberance
chin
In what order do the sutures fuse?
coronal -> sagittal -> lambdoid -> squamous
Cranium
cranial bones that surround and enclose the brain
What is the largest cavity in the human body?
cranial cavity
Bony markings of C2
dens - acts as a pivot for lateral rotation between atlas and skull
Squamous part of temporal bone
directly inferior to squamous suture
Internal Occipital Crest
extends from protuberance to posterior border of foramen magnum
External Acoustic Meatus
external bone opening of the ear
What is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body?
femur
What does T12 articulate witih?
first lumbar vertebra
What does L5 articulate with
first sacral vertebra
What does C7 articulate with?
first thoracic vertebra
Hard Palate
formed by palatine process of maxillae and palatine bones
Nasal bones
forms bony bridge of nose
Vomer
forms posteroinferior portion of nasal septum
Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid
forms posterosuperior portion of nasal septum
Name the paranasal sinuses
frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary
Zygomatic Arch
fused portion of temporal process of the zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of the temporal bone
What articulates with the head of the humerus?
glenoid cavity of the scapula
What is the most anterior structure of the inferior view of the skull?
hard palate
Palatine Bone
hard palate of roof of mouth
True Rib
has direct costal cartilage attachment
False Rib
have indirect or no attachment to costal cartilage
Floating Rib
have no attachment to costal cartilage
What is the purpose of the pelvic girdle?
holds lower limbs in place
What is the purpose of the pectoral girdle?
holds upper limbs in place
Cleft Lip
incomplete fusion of upper jaw components of embryo
What does Co1 articulate with?
inferior end of sacrum
Nucleus Pulposus
inner gelatinous region of inervertebral discs
Femoral Trochanters
insertion sites for gluteal and thigh muscle
Internal Occipital Protuberance
internal landmark on occipital bone
Choanae
internal openings of nasal cavity, medially adjacent
Superior/Inferior Nuchal Lines
intersect external occipital protuberance
Linea Aspera
line of attachment for quads and hamstrings
What kind of bone is the humerus?
long bone
Temporomandibular Joint
mandible articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone
Gluteal Tuberosity
marks attachment of gluteus maximus muscle
Anterior Nasal Spine
marks inferior border of nasal cavity
Costal Groove
marks the path of nerves and blood
What does C1 articulate with?
occipital condyles
Vertebral Foramen
opening enclosed by body with vertebral arch
Optic Canals
optic nerves extend from eyes to brain
Name the bones that make up the pelvic girdle
ossa coxae (2)
What bones are found in the pelvic girldle?
ossa coxae (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
Anulus Fibrosus
outer ring of fibrocartilage of intervertebral discs
Cribiform Foramina
passageways for olfactory nerves to superior nasal cavity
Tympanic part of temporal bone
posterolateral to mandibular fossa
Craniosynostosis
premature fusion of cranial sutures
External Occipital Protuberance
prominence on posterior aspect of skull
Suprascapular Notch
provides passage for nerve and blood vessels
Acetabulum
region where 3 bones have fused
Calvaria
roof of the cranium
Parietal Eminence
rounded, smooth area on lateral surface of each parietal bone
Intercondylar Fossa
separates the medial and lateral condyles of the femur
Smooth areas
sites of articulation between bones
What is the most complex structure in the skeleton?
skull
What are the 2 large openings within each orbit?
superior and inferior fissures
Bony markings of C1
superior articular facet (articulates with the occipital condyles)
What happens to sutures during the course of one's lifespan?
sutures fuse together (each at a different time of your life)
Nasal Septum
thin ridge of bone dividing nasal cavity into left and right halves
Styloid Process
thin, pointed projection anteromedial to mastoid process
Does the tibia or the fibula bear more weight?
tibia
What makes cervical vertebrae unique in structure?
transverse foramina and sometimes bifid spinal process
Popliteal Surface
triangular area bordered by the ridges of the linea aspera
Sphenoid Bone
unites cranial and facial bones
Body of Vertebrae
weight-bearing structure
Depressions, grooves, and openings
where blood vessels and nerves travel
Mandibular Fossa
where mandible attaches to the skull
Projections
where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach
Foramen Magnum
where spinal cord enters cranial cavity
Alveolar Processes
where teeth fit in
Which part of the sternum do you want to avoid during CPR?
xiphoid process
