Chapter 8 Smartbook
Which of the following would be found in a positive issue ad?
"Malia is dedicated to finding ways to improve our community healthcare system." "Ms. Roberts has long been an advocate for improving our schools." "Representative Nadal has been a breath of fresh air in the state house."
At the time of the founding of the nation, journalists were called _________________
"Newsmongers"
The Telegraph and Texas Register is remembered as the originator of what rallying cry?
"Remember the Alamo!"
As of 2016, about ________ percent of the adult population in the United States subscribed to satellite radio
19
In 2017, a UT/ Texas Tribune poll found that what percent of Texans favor legalization of marijuana for medical purposes?
80 percent
Baum and Potter argue that the mass media, as an institution in our democracy, traditionally act as a conduit for information up and down between the political elite and their constituents. This describes...
A linkage mechanism
Candidate Ronald Reagan's 1984 "Morning in America" campaign commercial was designed to make viewers feel good about Reagan. What type of ad was this?
A positive issue ad
What are the three broad functions the media serve within their communities?
Acting as linkage institutions Shaping perception Providing information
In the example of the news coverage of Texas's Child Protective Services and its severe problems, the issue finally received attention only after it was covered in the media. This is an example of ______________.
Agenda setting
The power of the media to bring issues and problems to the public's attention is called...
Agenda setting
Which of the following would be classified as "hard news"?
An investigative report on wasteful spending by the Department of Defense Coverage of a U.S. Senate election An interview with the head of a foreign nation
In the 1990 GOPAC push to get Republican candidates elected, Newt Gingrich helped develop ___________ into a fine art
Attack ads
Which factors contribute to media selection bias?
Budgetary constraints Personnel Time
The collection, dissemination and analysis of news and information by the general public, especially by means of the Internet, is called _______ journalism
Citizen
What 2010 U.S. Supreme Court decision ruled that corporations and unions have a First Amendment right to spend unlimited funds on campaign advertisements, as long as the ads were not formally "coordinated" with any candidate?
Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission
What is the location of the earliest radio stations in Texas?
College campuses: in the early 1910s, UT Austin and Texas A&M had the earliest radio stations in Texas
Which of the following are among the influences that affect individual Texans' opinions?
Conservatively biased media coverage A traditionalistic culture
The general trend in the United States is that network television viewership is....
Declining
In its 2017 polling, the UT/ Tribune survey determined what about Texans' approval of the U.S. Supreme Court?
Democrats have a much higher rate of approval
The echo chamber effect results in....
Diminished exposure to conflicting information
When users self-select information on social media, the result is a(n)....
Echo chamber
Which of the following are agents of socialization in the United States?
Education Family The media
Soft news's purpose is to...
Entertain
The category of public opinion that is defined as "rhetorical construction used so freely in our newspapers and on television as to be meaningless" is called _________.
Fiction
How many broad definitions of public opinion are there?
Five
_____________ are carefully planned discussions designed to obtain perceptions on a defined area of interest in permissive, non-threatening environment
Focus groups
George Lakoff has pointed out that while deciding what is news has a huge impact on public perception of an issue, how it is ___________ significantly influences public reaction to it.
Framed
Research has shown that newspapers from counties near the U.S.-Mexico border tend to have an overall negative slant toward immigrants. This "slant" is an example of __________.
Framing
What did "freedom of the press" mean at the time of the founding of the United States?
Freedom to use an actual printing press
After the ________ determines newsworthiness, it uses agenda setting, priming, and framing to transform the remaining information into news stories
Gatekeeper
Mass media filter down all of what is happening in a given community into a specific set of news that is then transmitted to an audience. This is called...
Gatekeeping
What is the most widely circulated newspaper in Texas today?
Houston Chronicle
What is the first step in the survey process?
Identifying the population
In his 1992 presidential campaign, Ross Perot spent $34.8 million of his own money on a series of....
Infomercials
Deeply researched stories that uncover serious crime, corruption or corporate wrongdoing are called ____________ journalism, something in which notable news magazines engage
Investigative
How has the Internet affected political campaigns' ability to control their messages?
It has increased it
Which of the following is a problematic aspect of citizen journalism?
It may not be based upon facts
Why is Texas a state in which digital media can be especially cost-saving for statewide campaigns?
It's very large and costly to travel to all areas in person
Which of the following best characterizes a "public"?
Its communicative nature
The role that media bias plays in the development of public opinion is...
Large
The Founders named the _________ as preeminent in American democracy
Legislature
__________ is a published false statement that is damaging to a private individual's reputation
Libel
________________ media is means of communication that reaches many individuals
Mass
The actual or perceived failure of the media to report news objectively is called...
Media bias
The category of public opinion that is defined as "a projection of what journalists, politicians and 'elites' believe" is called _____________.
Media/ elite opinion
In a landmark 1986 survey of journalists, researchers found that journalists overwhelmingly perceived themselves to be _________ the owners of the media and the public in general
More liberal than
As of 2013, approximately what percentage of Americans rely upon television broadcasts for their news?
More than 50 percent
The most popular podcasts reflect content hosted by....
National Public Radio
______________ is the principle that Internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites
Net neutrality
Though over 10 billion tweets go out on Twitter every day, what did researchers at Carnegie Mellon University discover about people's opinions of many of those tweets?
Only around two-third of the tweets contained information worth reading
What type of survey interviews people to determine changes in opinion over time?
Panel survey
A digital audio file made available on the Internet for downloading to a computer or portable media player, typically available as a series, is a...
Podcast
This American Life and Serial are examples of very popular...
Podcasts
In 1948, Texas's first television station began operating and broadcast a speech by whom?
President Harry Truman
When the local newspaper and local television station repetitively cover a story about a new stadium opening, that repetition is an example of...
Priming
___________ provides a specific context and background through which audiences engage with a particular topic or story and repeats it over time
Priming
_____________ is the ability of the media to help shape public opinion respecting an event or a person in the public sphere
Priming
In terms of medium, which of the following are categorization we use?
Print Electronic
What type of survey interviews a scientifically determined sampling of people within a population?
Probability sample survey
According to Jan E. Leighley's research, when the mass media are pushers of a particular individual/ politician, product, or idea, they are following the ____________ model
Propagandist
Political scientist Thomas Patterson argues that the _________ that citizens can access affects their interest in the news
Quality of information
Texas's government is predominantly
Republican
The media cultivate and influence the public's social reality and mirror society's culture back to the viewer through ____________.
Resonance
The reinforcement and magnification of existing beliefs about the reality and commonality of events due to the presentation of reality by the media is called....
Resonance
When media reinforce and magnify existing beliefs about the reality of an event, it is an example of...
Resonance
What is the literal meaning of "democracy"?
Rule by the people
One big advantage of the use of digital media for political campaigns is that it...
Save money
The systematic selection of particular news that presents a distorted view of reality is called ____________ bias
Selection
In what language was Texas's first newspaper published?
Spanish: Gaceta de Texas first published in 1813
The earliest form of public opinion polling (as we know it today) consisted of newspapers setting up outside polling places and interviewing voters after they cast their ballots. These polls are called ___________.
Straw polls
Pandora, Spotify and Netflix are examples of....
Streaming services
____________ are perhaps the greatest threat to traditional media's longevity
Streaming services
Push polls are best described as ______________.
Targeted attacks
In 2015, the FCC reclassified broadband Internet transmission as a _____________, which allowed to regulate ISPs, but the protections offered by that decision ended in December 2017.
Telecommunications service
Which of the following would be classified as spending on traditional media for a political campaign?
Television ads Direct mail Billboards
Recent research shows that ________ remain(s) the most effective single medium available for the acquisition of political information
Television news
Focus groups usually include fewer than ___________ individuals at a time
Ten
In its 2017 polling, the UT/ Tribune survey determined what about Texans' support for ending the Deferred Action of Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, as outlined by the Trump administration?
Texas Republicans are split over DACA
In it's 2016 polling, the UT/ Tribune survey determined what about support for Republican Governor Abbot?
Texas Republicans supported him overwhelmingly
According to anthropologist Thomas de Zengotita, what 1963 event, which was widely covered in the media, changed people's perception of the news?
The assassination of President Kennedy in Dallas
During what era of American history did almost 95% of the U.S. households own radios?
The end of World War II
What requires that a broadcaster permitting one political candidate access to the airwaves must afford the equal opportunities to all other such candidates seeking the same office?
The equal time rule
During the 1920s and 1930s a "convergence of change" had a big effect on polling. Which factors were led to that "convergence"?
The founding of polling organizations The media pushing for more data A growing concern over accuracy
________ state(s) that candidates must be given an opportunity to respond to any criticism made by a television or radio media outlet
The right of rebuttal
A crucial element to the success of streaming services is....
The use of smartphones
Citizens consider information they receive directly from the media in light of _____________ exacerbating media bias
Their own ideological biases
Today we use "press" and "media" somewhat interchangeably. At the founding of the nation, __________.
These two words had more nuanced meanings
What is one problem associated with focus groups?
They are less quantitatively measured
In which of the following ways have social media proven to be disruptive to the traditional forms of media?
They expose many news outside of mainstream source They have made people part of the news as it happens They allow citizens to shape the news agenda
Which of the following correctly describes how the news media treat negative ads?
They often denounce them on air
What is the point of a push poll?
To attack a candidate or issue
T/F: Connecting with the public directly is the most important advantage that the Internet offers political campaigns
True: there are other benefits, but this is the most important
What role did Twitter play in the 2016 Dallas Black Lives Matter protest march shootings?
Tweets helped prove that a suspected shooter was actually innocent
Texas gubernatorial candidate Wendy Davis received a big boost in popularity after her senatorial filibuster speech went viral on...
What are the top three most popular social media sites in the United States?
Twitter YouTube Facebook
Approximately what portion of American adults use at least one form of social media to share information?
Two-thirds
How many notable news magazines are published in Texas?
Two: Texas Monthly and The Texas Observer
The media are typically categorized by...
Type of message and type of media
When candidates and campaigns use social media sites to share news with the public, they are better able to control which of the following?
What is covered Who sees the news How is the story covered
According to Harold Lasswell's model, what questions should we ask in order to better understanding "the media"?
Who is the sender? What is the method? What is the message? Who is the audience?