Chapter 8 SmartBook - PSY 210

The preconventional reasoning has sometimes been described as _____.

"What's in it for me?"

Select all that apply What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?

- Cognitive flexibility - Cognitive inhibition

Select all that apply Intimacy in friendships is characterized by which two of the following?

- self-disclosure - sharing of private thoughts

The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their

cognitive development.

Which of the following describes the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes?

self-efficacy

Select all that apply When viewing gender differences, which of the following must be considered?

- There is considerable overlap between the sexes even when differences are reported. - The differences are averages. - The source of the differences may be biological, sociocultural, or both.

Select all that apply As compared to conventional rules, which of the following are true about moral rules?

- They are widely accepted. - They focus on ethical issues. - They involve concepts of justice.

Select all that apply Which of the following are the three most common types of stepfamily structures?

- blended - stepfather - stepmother

Select all that apply Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?

- controversial - rejected - popular - neglected - average

Select all that apply Children who bully others are more likely to do which of the following?

- drink alcohol - earn poor grades in school - smoke

Select all that apply Positive peer relations in childhood have been linked to which of the following in adulthood?

- higher occupational status - better relationships with coworkers

Select all that apply In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following?

- lower level of internalized symptoms - lower levels of anxiety - lower levels of depression

Select all that apply Which of the following family problems contribute to lower achievement among low-income students?

- parents who can't read - family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences - parents who don't set high educational standards

Select all that apply What are the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?

- preconventional - conventional - postconventional

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation. Instructions

- preconventional = Individuals' moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment. - conventional = Individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or society. - postconventional = Individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code.

Select all that apply Positive peer relationships in middle and late childhood involve which of the following?

- resolving conflicts in nonaggressive ways - maintaining quality friendships

Select all that apply What does the role of parents as managers involve?

- structuring the family environment - monitoring and encouraging academic progress - setting up routines and schedules

By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.

12,000

Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.

_______ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Conventional

______ in friendships is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

Intimacy

________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

Perspective taking

Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood.

anxiety

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are

arbitrary and can be changed by consensus.

Researchers have found that gender stereotypes for children are more rigid with ______ (boys/girls) than with ______ (boys/girls).

boys; girls

The term _______ refers to verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.

bullying

In a(n) _______ stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

complex

Two contemporary approaches to student learning are the ______ approach (a structured, teacher-centered approach), and the constructivist approach (a learner-centered approach).

direct instruction

In Mr. Stooker's class, students are expected to listen attentively and take notes as he lectures. This is an example of which approach to student learning?

direct instruction approach

In the ________ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

domain

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

domain theory

"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self-________ (concept/esteem). "I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self-________ (concept/esteem).

esteem; concept

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?

expectations about social roles

Differences between the sexes stem from primarily biological factors.

false

Jane has three children. Joey is 12, Jake is 5, and Jaedyn is 2 years old. Jane spends less time with the older two children. Her role for the oldest children is that of a

gatekeeper

Self-esteem refers to ______ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-______ evaluations.

global; specific

In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more

internal

As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend _______ (more/less) time with them.

less

A rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of the focus of social conventional reasoning, while a rule about murder is an example of the focus of

moral reasoning.

Who is most likely to undertake a managerial role in parenting?

mother

Developmentalists have distinguished five _____ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.

_______ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

postconventional

_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.

preconventional

School has a ______ influence on children's development.

profound

Which of the following becomes especially important in peer interchanges during the elementary school years?

reciprocity

Ten-year-old Blake tells his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high

self-efficacy.

In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?

social cognition

Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender

stereotypes.

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.

True or false: Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.

true