Chapter 8: Vitamins

Which of the following are functions of vitamin C?

wound healing and synthesis of bone tissue

The primary consequence of hypercarotenemia is _____

yellowing of the skin

What is the name for health-promoting compounds found in animal food?

zoochemicals

The two categories of functional foods are ______ and _______

zoochemicals and phytochemicals

phytochemicals

A chemical found in plants. Some phytochemicals may contribute to a reduced risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease in people who consume them regularly.

fat-soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

Which of the following are true about vitamin A deficiencies?

Americans are at low risk, but the rest of the world is at a higher risk impaired vision, weakened immune function, and stunted growth are all problems

coenzyme

An organic compound that combines with an inactive enzyme to form a catalytically active form. In this manner, coenzymes aid in enzyme function.

water-soluble vitamins

B and C

Refining grains leads to a loss of _______

B vitamins and germ, bran, and husk layers of the grain

Which of the following are potential consequences of vitamin B-6 deficiency?

impaired immune response anemia nerve problems

Nutrients are lost during refinement of grains because

the germ, bran, and husk are discarded

With the help of ______, we bear the responsibility to protect ourselves from supplement overuse and misuse because the FDA has limited resources to police the manufacturers.

the primary care provider or RDN

The USP symbol on a dietary supplement label indicates

the product has been evaluated and meets professionally accepted standards of supplement quality.

The functions of vitamin B-6 include ______.

the synthesis of nonessential amino acids the synthesis of neurotransmitters homocysteine metabolism

What is the UL for carotenoids?

there is no UL for carotenoids

What is the recommended intake for phytochemicals?

there is no specific recommendation

The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids is

thiamin

organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body

vitamin

A toxicity of ______ can result from intakes of as little as 2 times human needs.

vitamin A

Which vitamin is known as the "anti-infection" vitamin because it maintains the health of the epithelial cells, which provide a barrier against invading microorganisms?

vitamin A

______ is a fat-soluble vitamin that participates in growth, development, and reproduction.

vitamin A

Lack of intrinsic factor or stomach acid may lead to a deficiency of ______ despite adequate dietary intakes of this nutrient.

vitamin B-12

Because it is necessary for over 100 reactions in amino acid metabolism, a deficiency of ______ leads to widespread symptoms, including depression, skin disorders, and nerve problems.

vitamin B-6

Forming body proteins, helping improve iron absorption, forming numerous compounds in the body, and supporting body defenses are all functions of ______.

vitamin C

Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?

vitamin D

Why could a person with adequate calcium intake but a deficiency of vitamin D be at risk of bone fractures?

vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption

The fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin responsible for protecting cell membranes by helping to stop damage by free radicals is ______

vitamin E

Excessive intake of Vitamin E can interfere with which vitamin?

vitamin K

Functions of riboflavin include

assisting antioxidant reactions and release of energy from fatty acids

The availability of biotin is limited by _____

avidin

Consuming a large number of raw eggs could lead to ______ deficiency.

biotin

The protein called avidin in raw egg whites binds to ______ and inhibits its absorption.

biotin

Vitamin K serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that add carbon dioxide molecules to various proteins, thus enabling these proteins to bind to ______.

calcium

When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include ______ and _______

calcium deposits in organs an gastrointestinal disorders

Vitamin A maintains the health of the ______ cells, which line the surfaces of the lungs, intestines, stomach, vagina, urinary tract, and bladder.

epithelial

bioavailability

The degree to which an ingested nutrient is digested and absorbed and thus is available to the body.

Functions of vitamin B-6 include ______.

breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose conversion of tryptophan to niacin synthesis of white blood cells and the heme portion of hemoglobin

Neurological symptoms from a vitamin B-12 deficiency include ______.

dysfunctional muscle control, impaired reflexes, eventual paralysis

What is the best way to get phytochemicals in the diet?

eat a variety of whole plant foods

Niacin is ......

a coenzyme in metabolic reactions that yield energy from food.

Mary is experiencing all the symptoms of a vitamin B-12 deficiency even though she is consuming a diet high in vitamin B-12. What might be the cause of her deficiency symptoms?

a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach

Who may not be able to synthesize adequate biotin from intestinal bacteria?

a person missing a large part of their colon or a person taking antibiotics for several months

The richest source of vitamin B-12 would be ______

a tuna fish sandwich

zoochemicals

Chemicals found in animal products that have health-protective actions.

What is the healthiest and safest way to ensure a healthy food intake?

Consume the recommended servings of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

What is the interaction between vitamin E and vitamin K?

Excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.

The consumer is ultimately responsible for protecting himself when using dietary supplements because the ______ cannot regulate supplements as closely as it regulates drugs.

FDA

Those consuming megadoses of vitamin C should alert their physicians of this since megadoses can

alter the results of diabetes and blood in feces tests

Vitamin B-12 is found naturally in foods of ______ origin.

animal

Compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain

more magnesium, vitamin E, and fiber

Which B vitamin has been used as a medication to lower blood lipids?

niacin

Vitamin K and calcium work together to prevent ______.

blood loss

The RDA for vitamin B-6 for women is ______ mg/day.

1.3

What is the UL for vitamin D for adults?

100 micrograms

Where is most of vitamin E found within the body?

adipose tissue and cell membrane

A B-vitamin that functions in the addition of carbon dioxide to other compounds during metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids is ______.

biotin

______ is abnormal and uncontrollable division of cells that results from mutations in DNA.

cancer

The thiamin coenzyme is particularly important for the release of energy from

carbohydrates

The coenzyme form of biotin functions to add ______ to compounds in metabolic reactions.

carbon dioxide

Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C?

citrus fruits, cauliflower, papaya

The food supply is thought to provide 40 to 60 micrograms of biotin per person per day, which ______ the AI for biotin.

exceeds

A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to ______.

excessive bleeding and bruising

True or false: It is a good idea to take a multivitamin and mineral supplement because it is not possible to obtain adequate nutrition from food sources.

false

The ______-soluble vitamins are more readily stored in the body than ______-soluble vitamins.

fat, water

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

fat-soluble

Most water-soluble vitamins are not stored to any great extent because they are _______

filtered and excreted by the kidneys

Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?

fruits and vegetables

Typical American intakes of vitamin B-6 are ______ the RDA for this nutrient.

greater than

Vitamins can be destroyed by _______

heating and exposure to light and oxygen

The multi-step process the human body employs to stop blood loss is called

hemostasis

Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a _______

hormone

Vitamin B-12 is important for neurological health because it

is required for the formation of myelin

Achieving optimal vitamin D status is ______ consuming adequate calcium when it comes to bone health.

just as important as

Individuals at risk for ______ are discouraged from consuming megadoses of vitamin C.

kidney stones

Vitamin D toxicity is most likely to result from

overuse of supplemental vitamin D

Choose the vitamins that are considered B vitamins.

pantothenic acid, thiamin, folate

Rich food sources of biotin include ______.

peanuts, eggs, liver

Choline plays a role in synthesis of which of the following components of the cell membrane?

phospholipids

Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium and ______.

phosphorus

Which food sources are naturally higher in vitamin E?

plant

Vitamin E is found naturally in many ______.

plant oils

Choose the processes that stop blood loss and maintains hemostasis.

platelet plug formation, vasoconstriction, and coagulation

Groups who are at high risk of a vitamin E deficiency include

preterm infants and smokers

A vitamin K deficiency is ______.

rare

It is necessary to consume water-soluble vitamins on a regular basis because most water-soluble vitamins are ______

readily excreted from body via urine and not stored in the body to any great extent

Which B vitamin is necessary for the metabolism of some vitamins and minerals, plays an indirect role in the body's antioxidant defense system, and participates in many energy-yielding metabolic pathways?

riboflavin

For which of the following B-vitamins is no UL set?

riboflavin, vitamin B-12, pantothenic acid, thiamin, biotin

Vitamins are divided into two broad classes based on ______.

solubility

Biotin can be synthesized by bacteria that live in the human gastrointestinal tract.

true

True or false: An upper limit for biotin has not been set due to no harmful side effects of megadoses being noted.

true

True or false: Preterm infants tend to have low stores of vitamin E because this nutrient is transferred from the mother to the fetus near the end of gestation.

true

Vitamin A is needed for ________

vision, immune and reproductive functions

An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to support normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body is a _____

vitamin

Exposure to light, heat, and oxygen can reduce a food's ______ content.

vitamin

The RDA for vitamin D for adults from 19 to 70 years is ______ micrograms per day.

15

The AI for biotin for adults is ______

30 micrograms/day