Chapter 9

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0.45

a certain lever has a fulcrum at one end, has a tendon exerting an effort 5 cm distal to the fulcrum, and acts against a resistance another 6 cm distal to the effort. what is the mechanical advantage of this lever?

amphiarthrosis

a fibrous joint cannot also be what?

fulcrum

a lever is a rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called what?

bursa

a tendon sheath is a modified

arthroses

another name for articulations (joints)

united by fibrous connective tissue have no joint cavity allow little or no movement

characteristics of the fibrous joints

joint cavity synovial membrane synovial fluid

components of synovial joints

tendon sheaths

cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon

shoulder hip joint

examples of ball-and-socket joints

atlantooccipital

examples of ellipsoid joints

elbow ankle interphalangeal

examples of hinge joints

articulation between dens of axis and atlas proximal radioulnar distal radioulnar

examples of pivot joints

intervertrebral intercarpal intertarsal

examples of plane joints

thumb intercarpal sternoclavicular

examples of saddle joints

symphysis pubis intervertebral disks

examples of symphyses

epiphyseal plates sternocostal sphenooccipital

examples of synchondroses

accessory ligaments

extra capsular/intracapsular and stabilize joints

articular discs

fibrocartilage pads in the knee

symphyses

fibrocartilage uniting two bones slightly movable

suture

fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissure

diarthrosis

freely movable

give the skeleton mobility hold the skeleton together

functions of the joints

Mechanical advantage = (length of the effort arm/length of the resistance arm)

how to calculate mechanical advantage

structural and functional

how to classify joints

fibrous joint

if two bones are joined so firmly together they cannot move, they form what?

interference by bones/cartilage tension in tendons at the joint

movement of synovial joints is limited by what?

monoaxial

movement that occurs around one axis

multiaxial

movement that occurs around several axes

biaxial

movement that occurs around two axes at right angles to each other

synarthrosis

non-movable

effort resistance

rotation occurs when ___ overcomes _____

bursae

saclike extension of joint capsule between nearby structures so slide more easily past each other

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable

synchondrosis

the hyaline costal cartilage that attaches a rib to the sternum forms what?

synovial joints

these are complex joints that are freely movable joints in the body

synchondroses

these are joined by hyaline cartilage little or no movement

gomphoses

these are pegs that fit into sockets

cartilaginous joints

these are united two bones by means of cartilage

syndesmoses

these bones are farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments

periodontal ligaments

these hold teeth in place

functional

this classification is based on degree of motion

structural

this classification is based on major connective tissue type that binds bones

synarthrosis amphiarthrosis diarthrosis

three types of functional classifications

fibrous cartilaginous synovial

three types of structural classifications

true

true or false: a single joint may combine features of condyloid, hinge, and gliding joints.

lever that helps increase output of force lever that moves objects further and faster

two kinds of mechanical levers

synchondroses and symphyses

two types of cartilaginous joints are?

sutures (synostosis) syndesmoses gomphoses

types of fibrous joints

speed/force

types of levers produce either increase in what two things?

plane saddle hinge pivot ball-and-socket ellipsoid

types of synovial joints

gomphosis

unlike other joints, a ____ does not join two bones to each other

hinge joints

what type of synovial joint? concave and convex surfaces monoaxial

pivot joints

what type of synovial joint? cylindrical projection inside a ring monoaxial rotation around a single axis

ellipsoid joints

what type of synovial joint? modified ball-and-socket ellipsoid concave and convex surfaces biaxial

ball-and-socket joints

what type of synovial joint? rounded surface into a socket multiaxial

plane joints

what type of synovial joint? two flat surfaces monoaxial some rotation possible but limited by surrounding structures

saddle joints

what type of synovial joint? two saddle-shaped surfaces biaxial

MA < 1.0

which of the following is true of joints that are first-class levers? MA (>, =) 1.0 MA < 1.0 their output forces > the input force resistance is between the joint and the distal end of the bone the fulcrum is at the opposite end from the tendinous insertion


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