Chapter 9 Assignment Questions

35. Distinguish between the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord. (p. 246)

Ascending-carries sensory information to the brain Descending-carries instructions from the brain to muscles and glands

53. Distinguish between cranial nerves and spinal nerves. (pp. 257-258)

Cranial- Spinal-

36. Name the four major parts of the brain and describe their general functions. (p. 247)

cerebrum-provides higher mental processes, including memory and reasonong diencephalon-process sensory information brainstem-connects with parts of the nervous system and regulates certain involuntary movements and activities cerebellum-coordinate voluntary movements

48. The parts of the brainstem are the ______________, ______________, and ___________. (p. 255)

The parts of the brainstem are midbrain, pons, medulla, and reticular formation.

52. Describe the functions of the cerebellum. (p. 256)

Bring sensory information, act as interneuron, and act as a reflex center

3. Explain the relationship between the CNS and the PNS. (p. 225)

CNS-brain and spinal cord PNS-nerves found out other parts of the body

60. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. (p. 262)

Sympathetic- Parasympathetic-

37. The area of the brain that contains centers controlling visceral activities is the ________________. (p. 247) a. cerebrum b. cerebellum c. brainstem d. diencephalon

The area of the brain that contains centers controlling visceral activities is the (C.) brainstem.

1. The general function of neurons is to ______________, whereas the general functions of neuroglia are to _______________. (p. 224)

The general function of neurons is to carry information, whereas the general functions of neuroglia are to provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for the neurons.

17. Explain the relationship between threshold potential and an action potential. (p. 236)

Threshold-the minimum voltage and unit for depolarization in which action potential can occur and results

2. Match the neuron part on the left to its description on the right. (p. 224) (1) dendrite (2) axon (3) cell body A. a cell process that sends information B. one of usually several cell processes that receive information C. the rounded part of a neuron

(1) dendrite-(B.) one of usually several cell processes that receive information (2) axon-(A.) a cell process that sends information (3) cell body-(C.) the rounded part of a neuron

33. Match each layer of the meanings to its description. (pp.243-244) (1) dura mater (2) arachnoid mater (3) pia mater A. the thin, innermost layer, containing blood vessels and nerves B. the tough, outermost layer, consisting mostly of connective tissue C. the lacy membrane, lacking blood vessels, sandwiched between the other two layers

(1) dura mater-(B.) the tough, outermost layer, consisting mostly of connective tissue (2) arachnoid mater-(C.) the lacy membrane, lacking blood vessels, sandwiched between the other two layers (3) pia mater-(A.) the thin, innermost layer, containing blood vessels and nerves

5. Match the types of neuroglia to their functions. (p. 226) (1) ependymal cells (2) oligodendrocytes (3) astrocytes (4) Schwann cells (5) microglial cells A. form a myelin sheath around peripheral nerves B. phagocytize cellular debris and bacteria C. line inner parts of ventricles and spinal cord D. form scar tissue and regulate ion and nutrient concentrations in the CNS E. form a myelin sheath around neurons in the CNS

(1) ependymal cells-(C.) line inner parts of ventricles and spinal cord (2) oligodendrocytes-(E.)form a myelin sheath around neurons in the CNS (3) astrocytes-(D.) form scar tissue and regulate ion and nutrient concentrations in the CNS (4) Schwann cells-(A.) form a myelin sheath around peripheral nerves (5) microglial cells-(B.) phagocytize cellular debris and bacteria

13. Explain how information passes from one neuron to another. (p. 232)

1. A presynaptic neuron conducts an impulse into a synapse; a postsynaptic neuron responds. 2. Axons have synaptic knobs at their distal ends, which secrete neurotransmitters. 3. A neurotransmitter is released when an impulse reaches the end of an axon. 4. A neurotransmitter reaching the postsynaptic neuron membrane is either excitatory or inhibitory.

49. List the functions of the three parts of the brainstem. (p. 255)

1. Cardiac Center-heart 2. Vasometer center-blood vessels and blood pressure 3. Respiratory Center-breathing, etc.

4. List the general functions of the nervous system. (p. 225)

1. Sensory-detect internal and external changes 2. Integrative-collect sensory information and make decisions for the motor stimuli 3. Motor-stimulate effectors to respond to sensory stimuli

34. Describe the structure of the spinal cord. (p. 245)

A slender nerve column going down from the brain to the vertebral column, leaves the brain at the foramen magnum, and separated the first two lumbar vertebrae

47. Define limbic system, and explain its functions. (p. 254)

Between the frontal and temporal lobes Includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal nuclei Controls emotional experiences and expression-> by recognizing upsets in the physical or psychological condition, it can guide a person into an increased chance of survival in their behavior

22. Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory actions of neurotransmitters. (p. 239)

Excitatory-increase receiving neuron's membrane's permeability positively charged, closer to threshold and may trigger impulses Inhibitory-make reaching threshold less likely, decrease the chance that an impulse will occur

23. Neurotransmitters are synthesized in _______________and are stored in ________________. (p. 239)

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in cytoplasm of synaptic knobs and are stored in synaptic vesicles.

15. Describe how ions associated with nerve cell membranes are distributed. (p. 233)

Outside-Na ions Inside-Potassium ions

32. List three body functions that reflexes control. (p. 242)

Posture, protection, and withdraws

31. Describe the components of a reflex arc and their functions. (p. 242)

Sensory receptor-sends stimuli and electrical impulses through the nerves to the CNS CNS-interprets and finds a solution for the sensory receptor's information Effector-provides the necessary information or product to deal with the information from the sensory receptors

18. List the events that occur during an action potential. (p. 236)

Sodium diffuses into the membrane freely. The membrane loses its negative electrical charge and become positively charged. Potassium diffuses outward. The membrane becomes negatively charged. The membrane goes back to the resting state and back to an equal distributive charge until stimulated again.

54. Distinguish between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. (p. 258)

Somatic- Autonomic-

46. The part of the diencephalon that regulates hunger, weight, water and electrolyte balance, sleep and wakefulness, temperature, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, production of substances that stimulate the pituitary gland, and movement and secretion in areas of the digestive tract is the _______________.(p.254) a. thalamus b. pineal gland c. infundibulum d. hypothalamus

The part of the diencephalon that regulates hunger, weight, water and electrolyte balance, sleep and wakefulness, temperature, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, production of substances that stimulate the pituitary gland, and movement and secretion in areas of the digestive tract is the (D.) hypothalamus.

38. The structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the _______________. (p. 247)

The structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the corpus callosum.

50. Vomiting is controlled by _____________. (p. 255) a. the reticular formation b. the medulla oblongata c. the midbrain d. the pons

Vomiting is controlled by (b.) the medulla oblongata.

51. Describe what happens to the body when the reticular formation receives sensory impulses, and what happens when it does not receive stimulation. (p. 255)

When-increased wakefulness in the cerebral cortex (including the lobes) Doesn't-unaware of stimulation, cannot interpret sensory information, cannot carry on thought processes-> sleep or coma

14. Explain how a membrane becomes polarized. (p. 232)

an unequal distribution of positive and negative ions across the membrane Outside-Na Inside-Potassium Potassium ions-goes outside the cell membrane during polarization

12. Define synapse. (p. 232)

functional connection between two neurons

16. Define resting potential. (p.234)

the potential difference between the region inside the membrane and the region outside the membrane nerve-undisturbed, the membrane-polarized state cell-expend energy to drive the Na+/K+ "pumps" that actively transport sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions, maintains the concentration gradients responsible for diffusion of these ions in the first place