Chapter 9: Atlantic Canada (Regional Geography of Canada 6 Ed. Author Robert Bone)
1.5 billion with 85% from shellfish
value of Atlantic fishery in 2011
the maritimes and the island of new foundland, coastal cities such as st john's and halifax
where has foggy weather
Grand Banks
-east coast of new Foundland -Where Newfoundland and Labrador fish for cod and groundfish, now Newfoundland fishes for shellfish -Newfoundland's most valuable fish is crab
Georges Banks
-south coast of Nova Scotia -has the most variety of fish and most biologically productive with mostly scallops and groundfish -the Maritimes fish cod, grey sole, flounder, redfish and shellfish here -lobster is the most valuable fish
ruling meant Mi'kmaq can have share of commercial fishery. Conflict occurred over lobster fishing, but they compromised by getting 320 fishing licences
1999 Marshall Decision
French settlements with unique culture, language and economy in the Maritimes
Acadia
brought loyalists from the US to Nova Scotia. Made Halifax the "Warden of the North"
American revolution and Atlantic Canada
best agricultural land in Nova Scotia fertile soil of marine deposits formed form isostatic rebound vineyards replacing apple orchards
Annapolis Valley
worn down ancient mountains formed in the Paleozoic Era rugged/hilly terrain made by erosion 500 million years ago
Appalachian Uplands
an old resource hinterland
Atlantic Canada is referred to as
eastern coast of Canada
Atlantic Canada location
one-sixth of Georges bank rich in groundfish and scallop belong to Canada thus under sustainable management
Court at Hague in 1984 decision
fewer fishers required, huge dragger nets that cause overfishing and collapse of cod stock, cause inshore fishers to turn to government for assistance to survive
Downside of modernization of cod fishery
waste water discharged into a nearby stream and gradually seeped into Muggah creek
Example: Sysco pollution
community in Newfoundland where people had to leave because the economy was so bad
Great Harbour Deep
Capital of Nova Scotia and largest city in Atlantic Canada founded in 1749 population 3.9 million
Halifax
-made in 1997, it uses a fixed platform as opposed to a floating platform on Newfoundlands Grand Banks -it extracts oils from the Avalon Peninsula
Hibernia
the Scottish Highland clearances and the Irish famine
How did Nova Scotia gain many Scottish and Irish peoples?
4. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland/Labrador, PEI
How many provinces are in Atlantic Canada?
orogeny mountain building process where rocks are folded and faulted made by orogeny 750 million years ago --recently covered in glaciers, as glaciers slowly move down slope and reach sea, created fjorded coast Labrador is older than the rest of the maritimes
How was Labrador made?
compensates Innu impacted by Churchill Falls hydro projects
New Dawn Agreement
agreement about electricity from Quebec and natural gas from Saint John to New England
Northeast Energy Corrador
cut off trading between Maritimes and New England, damaging the Maritimes economy
Reciprocity Treaty 1866
were involved in steel, iron and coal mining but this did not last
Sydney and Cape Breton
tar and wide variety of chemicals such as arsenic and lead from operation of Sydney Steel Co or Sysco
Sydney tar ponds
French were defeated by Britain and lost their territory
Treaty of Paris 1763
moved the area of the French Shore downwards and gave them rights until 1904
Treaty of Versailles 1783
nickel deposit in Labrador one of the lowest cost nickel mines in the world has high grade nickel, surface potential for open pit mining, close for ocean shipping
Voisey's Bay
5.4% of Canada's total area
What % of the area of Canada is Atlantic Canada?
Hibernia, Terra Nova, White Rose
What are 3 oil projects in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin?
Appalachian Uplands and Canadian Shield
What are the 2 physiographic regions in Atlantic Canada?
has an ice-free harbor, naval base, large population/market
What are the benefits of Halifax?
off-shore oil, fishing, government services, Arctic marine research centre, energy hub to New England
What are the benefits of St Johns?
the Grand Banks and the Georges Banks
What are the largest banks?
17th century
What century did French settlers come to maritimes due to land and climate favourable to agriculture?
potatoes, hay and pasture
What does PEI grow?
1)French restricted to living on the French Shore 2) strong fishery emerges marking start of Newfoundland society
What happened when the French were defeated in 1760 in Atlantic Canada?
fish, forests, minerals, petroleum
What is Atlantic Canada's primary resources?
Maritimes and Newfoundland summers are cool and wet but winters have heavy snow and rain
What is the Atlantic zone in Western Canada?
Annapolis Valley
What is the best agricultural land in Nova Scotia?
cool, cloudy in summer and rainy, snow in winter except Labrador dont snow, warm in summer and cold in winter due to continental air masses from the northwest, within 200 km from Atlantic Ocean, moderate, maritime-type weather predominates, strong continental aspect to climate and Labrador Current thus Arctic-like climate
What is the climate in Atlantic Canada?
Halifax with a population of 400,000 people
What is the largest city in Atlantic Canada?
St Johns with a population of 200,000 people
What is the second largest city in Atlantic Canada?
7%
What percent of Canada's population is Atlantic Canada?
12%
What percent of people in Atlantic Canada are French?
3%
What percent of people in Atlantic Canada are aboriginal?
Nova Scotia
What province has the largest population in Atlantic Canada?
Nova Scotia
What province has the least unemployment in Atlantic Canada?
PEI
What province has the most dense population in Atlantic Canada?
Newfoundland and Labrador
What province has the most unemployment in Atlantic Canada?
PEI
What province has the smallest population in Atlantic Canada?
1605 by French settlers at Port Royal on the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia
When was the first European settlement established in North America?
in Halifax
Where are Atlantic Canada's knowledge based industries?
PEI, Saint John River Valley in New Brunswick, Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia. All have dairy cattle
Where are the 3 main agricultural areas?
Cupids in Conception Bay on Newfoundlands Avalon Peninsula during the 1750's
Where did English arrive in Atlantic Canada?
New Brunswick, but this sector is suffering
Where is forestry in Atlantic Canada?
Mining occurs in the Canadian Shield of Labrador where deposits of iron and nickel exist
Where is mining in Atlantic Canada?
Halifax
Where is the "Warden of the North"?
interior of Labrador, warmer summer than coastal areas, with boreal forest
Where is the subarctic climate in Western Canada?
Ottawa scared Newfoundland would be taken over by the US they could use social programs, such as for mothers and unemployment Britain would not give subsidies seasonal workers helped with income
Why did Newfoundland later join confederation?
Wanted to be British subjects, not Canadians Ontario was anti-catholic no business advantage
Why did Newfoundland reject confederation?
they traded with New England, did not see much benefit, the National Policy of 1879 hurt their manufacturing and reinforced central Canada's population advantage. Ottawa did build an Inter-colonial Railway in 1876 but it only helped their economy for a little while.
Why did the Maritimes not want to join confederation?
having 4 provinces prevents an integrated economy and economies of scale some resources depleted and renewable resources over-exploited the population is dispersed and markets are small distance from national and global markets dampers manufacturing
Why does Atlantic Canada have a poor economy?
annual precipitation
abundant, average 100 cm but gradually diminishes north Labrador
where continental shelf is raised and water is shallow
banks
How was the cod fishery mismanaged?
cod estimates by federal department of fishery and ocean (OFD) were too optimistic, disregard local and historical ecological knowledge thus quotas too high, pressure for high quotas, no control over foreign fishing of nose and tao; of Grand Banks
leading food fishes 2 millions metric tonnes annually in 1960s
cod fishing
economic support through equalization payments and social program
dependent on Ottawa for what
limited number of licences
downside of shell fish industry 1200 licences to catch crab each year to new foundlanders
in 1998 Ottawa and halifax
environmental clean-up projects that costs $400 mil with federal govt fund 70%. when and who
thick, cool fog forms in the chilled air above the Labrador Current and then it mixes with warm, moisture from the Atlantic Ocean
how fog formed
dragger net
indiscriminately trap all groundfish regardless of age, species and value destroy fragile oceanfloor ecosystem including coral reefs and breeding habitat
lobster, crab, shrimp
leading type of shellfish
shell fish especially crab and shrimp
now focus of fishing in newfoundland and labrador
true
true or false, Atlantic Canada has the highest unemployment out of the provinces
true, it's GDP was 6% and is second to the Territorial North
true or false, Atlantic Canada has the second lowest GDP in Canada?
generally yes, it has out-migration of young people, aging population and less skilled workers Newfoundland and Labrador more recently became a have province due to offshore oil resources
true or false, Atlantic Canada is a have not region
true
true or false, Atlantic Canada is the least urbanized region?
true. Newfoundland and Labrador are losing lots of population
true or false, Atlantic Canada's population is declining
true
true or false, Newfoundland and Labrador no longer receive equalization payments from oil royalties
true
true or false, Newfoundland rejected the initial proposal to join Canada at confederation
true St Johns is foggy, overcast, stormy and rainy
true or false, St Johns is an ice free port
true, ~80%
true or false, most industry in Atlantic Canada is tertiary?
true, that's why some people call Nova Scotia "New Scotland"
true or false, most people in Nova Scotia are Scottish
true
true or false, the Canadian Shield is in Labrador and the rest of Atlantic Canada is Appalachian Uplands?
true
true or false, there are more French than Aboriginal people in Atlantic Canada?
true
true or false, while the first place to be discovered Atlantic Canada was the last place to be settled
Maritimes (Nova Scotia, PEI and New Brunswich), and New Foundland and Labrador
two regions of Atlantic Canada
vast continental shelf. Warm current from Gulf of Mexico and cold Labrador Current
what makes Atlantic Canada perfect condition for fish growth
France surrendered Acadia (now Nova Scotia) to the British
1713 Treaty of Utrecht
1) Atlantic 2) Sub-Arctic 3) Arctic
3 climatic zones in Atlantic Canada?
Newfoundland sells Quebec power for 40 years at 30 cents and this can be renewed at 25 years for 20 cents
Churchill falls agreement
built in 1997 to connect PEI and New Brunswick. This is the worlds longest bridge over ice-covered waters.
Confederation Bridge
Newfoundland and Labrador
What province is the least dense in Atlantic Canada?
Atlantic Canada at 10%
What region has the highest unemployment rate?
in 1840 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were the leading shipbuilders in the British Empire
What was the "Golden Age of Sail"?
Atlantic Canada by John Cabot in 1497
What was the first part of North America to be discovered by Europeans?
1713 Treaty of Utrecht
When did French get treaty rights to fish?
between 1725 and 1779
When did Mi'kmaq make treaties with Britain?
1867 the start of confederation
When did New Brunswick and Nova Scotia join the province of Canada (Quebec and Ontario) to form the Dominion of Canada?
2009
When did Newfoundland and Labrador become a have province and stop receiving equalization payments?
In 1949 after the 1948 referendum
When did Newfoundland join confederation?
the start of confederation in 1867
When did Nova Scotia and New Brunswick enter confederation?
after Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in 1873
When did PEI join confederation?
1749
When did the British found Halifax?
in 1749 by the Acadians and Mi'kmaq
When was Halifax founded?
1992
When was cod fishing banned?
1969
When was the Churchill Falls Agreement signed?
2003
When was the cod fishery closed?
collapse of cod fishery or "tragedy of the commons", Cape Breton thus Sydney Tar Ponds
environmental challenges in Atlantic Canada
cod, grey sole, flounder, redfish
groundfish
technology that enables large catches and federal mismanagement
reason for collapse of cod fishery
temperatures difference between coastal and inland
several degrees difference, coastal warmer in winter and cooler in summer
nor'easters
strong winds from the northeast that draw moisture from the Atlantic ocean
has tundra vegetation and no trees as summer too cool
the Arctic Zone in Atlantic Canada
selfish over-fishing in common international water no regard of well-being of the resource
tragedy of the commons
