Chapter 9 (Bio)- Vitamins

What roles does vitamin A play in the body?

Cell production Cell growth Formation of epithelial cells

What roles does vitamin A play in the body?

Cell production Formation of epithelial cells Cell growth

Which of the following animal foods are good sources of vitamin A?

Eggs Liver Fish

What is the most active form of vitamin A in the body?

Retinol

carnitine and lipoic acid

vitamin-like compounds that are water-soluble

Liver, butter, fish, fish oils, and eggs are all good sources of which vitamin?

preformed vitamin A

When are the body's requirements for vitamins highest?

pregnancy infancy adolescence

Vitamin E functions to ______.

protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes maintain nervous tissue maintain immune system function

What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin?

the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health

Water Soluble Vitamins

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, pantothenic acid, folate, biotin, bitamin B-12, and vitamin C

Which fat-soluble vitamin serves as a major antioxidant in the body?

vitamin E

What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA?

Free radical

Which fat-soluble vitamin is involved in the production of active blood clotting factors?

K

Which of the following is true about free radicals?

It removes electrons from more stable molecules It is a substance with an unpaired electron It is highly reactive

What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract?

K

Which foods are good sources of vitamin D?

-Milk -Salmon -Herring

Criteria for Vitamins

1. Cannot be synthesized by the body or make enough to maintain good health 2. Occurs naturally in foods 3. Deficiency disorder occurs if substance is missing from the body or is not properly metabolized 4. Health is restored by supplying missing substances

According to a nationwide survey, approximately ______ of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D.

50%

Certain acne medications, like Accutane, containing high levels of vitamin ______ should not be prescribed during pregnancy due to the increased risk for harm to the fetus.

A

Fat soluble Vitamins

A, D, E, K

Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

Which roles does vitamin D play in the body?

Assists with absorption of calcium Production of bones Maintains phosphorus levels in blood Maintenance of bones

Exception for limited amounts of water-soluble vitamins stored

B-12

Choose the true statements about vitamin D.

Calciferol comes from plant and animal sources. Vitamin D is not considered an essential nutrient. Vitamin D is considered a hormone.

Vitamins more likely to be toxic

Fat soluble vitamins

Which cooking methods best preserve the vitamin content of foods?

Microwaving Steaming Stir-frying

Which roles does vitamin D play in the body?

Production of bones Maintenance of bones Maintains phosphorus levels in blood Assists with absorption of calcium

Which of the following are good sources of beta-carotene?

Pumpkin Spinach Carrots

Which disease is characterized by a vitamin D deficiency and leads to soft and misshapen bones in children?

Rickets

is a deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate vitamin D levels. This results in bones that are soft and misshapen.

Rickets

Which of the following are major food sources of vitamin K?

Soybean and canola oils Margarine and salad dressing Green leafy vegetables

Which food storage methods best preserve vitamin content?

Storing foods in high humidity Storing food at near freezing temperatures Storing foods away from air

Which foods are good sources of vitamin E?

Sunflower seeds and plant oils

What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body?

Vitamin

A complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes, and meets certain criteria

Vitamins

How are vitamins different from Macronutrients

Vitamins are not metabolized for energy, they are present in small amounts in foods, required in milligram and microgram amounts.

Carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli, and mangoes are all good sources of

beta-carotene

The yellow-orange pigments in fruits and vegetables are called

cartenoids

Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids are not yellow-orange in color because of the presence of

chlorolphyll

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all

fat soluble

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

fat soluble vitamins

The bioavailability of vitamins can be affected by:

food preparation GI transit time food processing

Vitamin E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are located in cell membranes from being damaged by

free radicals

Most vitamins are ____ bioavailable from natural food sources, rather than from supplements alone.

more

About 10% of the body's supply of menaquinone (vitamin K2) is supplied by ______.

intestinal bacteria

Where is fat soluble vitamins stored

liver and adipose tissue

Choose the functions of vitamin E.

maintains nervous tissue protects cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals maintains immune system function

vitamin A

normal vision and reproduction, cellular growth, and immune system function

Vitamin D comes from both plant and animal food sources, the _____ form of vitamin D is called ergocalciferol.

plant

Keeping foods in high humidity and away from air are storage methods that _____ vitamin content.

retain

primary site of vitamin absorption

small intestine

Most people do not need to be concerned about vitamin toxicity unless they are

taking megadoses of vitamin supplements or consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods.

An agent that causes birth defects is called a

teratogen

How does your body excrete water soluble vitamins

urine

T or F: Only the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E is used by the body

True

vitamin D

absorption of calcium and phosphorus, maintenance of normal blood calcium, calcification of bone, and maintenance of immune function

How do antioxidants work?

adding electrons to radicals

the most active form of vitamin A in the body

Retinol

By sacrificing electrons, ________ protect molecules such as the DNA in the nucleus from being damaged by free radicals

antioxidants