Chapter 9: Christianity

filioque

"And from the Son"; a Latin work added to the creeds in the Western Church to state that the Holy Spirit arises from both the Father and the Son. The notion, which was not accepted by Orthodox Christianity, contributed to the separation between Western and Eastern Churches.

Messiah

"Anointed" (Hebrew); a special messenger sent by God foretold in Hebrew Scriptures, and believed by Christians to be Jesus.

redemption

"Buy again," "buy back" (Latin); the belief that the death of Jesus has paid the price of justice for all human wrongdoing.

pope

"Father" (Latin); the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church.

Eucharist

"Good Gift" (Greek); the Lord's Supper.

evangelist

"Good news person" (Greek); one of the four "authors" of the Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.

Gospel

"Good news" (Middle English); an account of the life of Jesus.

incarnation

"In flesh" (Latin); a belief that God became visible in Jesus.

indulgence

"Kindness-toward" (Latin); remission of time spent in purgatory (a state of temporary punishment in the afterlife); an aspect of Catholic belief and practice.

(52.0K) Lent

"Lengthening day," "spring" (Anglo-Saxon); the preparatory period before Easter, lasting forty days.

canon

"Measure," "rule" (Greek); a list of authoritative books or documents.

bishop

"Overseer" (Greek); a priest and church leader who is in charge of a large geographical area called a diocese.

sacrament

"Sacred action" (Latin); one of the essential rituals of Christianity.

orthodox

"Straight opinion" (Greek); correct belief.

Testament

A contract; the Old and New Testaments constitute the Christian scriptures.

The most Jewish of the Gospels in orientation is A) Matthew. B) Mark. C) Luke. D) John.

A) Matthew.

The first major church council was held in 35 C.E. at A) Nicaea. B) Jerusalem. C) Alexandria. D) Chalcedon.

A) Nicaea.

________ is an inclination toward evil, inherited by human beings as a result of Adam's disobedience. A) Original sin B) Orthodoxy C) Filioque D) Orthopraxis

A) Original sin

The Eastern branch of Christianity is known as ________. A) Orthodox B) Byzantic C) Cyric D) All these answers are correct.

A) Orthodox

________ is the belief that a human being's ultimate reward or punishment is already known to God and even caused by him. A) Predestination B) Orthodoxy C) Calvinism D) None of these answers is correct.

A) Predestination

A(n) ________ is one of Jesus' twelve disciples; it also refers to any early preacher of Christianity. A) apostle B) baptism C) indulgence D) patriarch

A) apostle

Dialogue between Christian denominations is called ________. A) council B) treaties C) assemblies D) ecumenism

A) council

Emphasizing the authority of the scripture, "________" identifies certain Protestant groups. A) evangelical B) charismatic C) xenophobic D) holy truth

A) evangelical

The bishop of one of the major ancient sites of Christianity (Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Moscow) is known as a(n) ________. A) patriarch B) metropolitans C) archbishop D) grand vizier

A) patriarch

Disobedience to God is called ________. A) sin B) redemption C) atonement D) predestination

A) sin

Chapter Objectives

After reading this chapter, you will be able to do the following: • Summarize the life and teachings of Jesus, especially in the context of his times. • Describe the structure and content of the New Testament. • Explain Christian doctrines and practices. • Discuss the growth of Christianity. • Describe medieval and modern developments. • Explain the origins of the major branches of Christianity. • Assess the impact Christianity has had on the arts.

original sin

An inclination toward evil, inherited by human beings as a result of Adam's disobedience.

________ means "measure," or "rule" (Greek); it is a list of authoritative books or documents. A) Gospel B) Canon C) Patriarch D) Indulgence

B) Canon

Today, the Pantheon—perhaps the most beautiful of all classical Roman buildings—is a A) theater. B) Catholic Church. C) Senate forum ruin. D) coliseum.

B) Catholic Church.

The letters written in the New Testament to instruct, encourage, and solve problems are called A) Gospels. B) Epistles. C) Acts. D) Revelation.

B) Epistles.

________ means "good news" (Middle English); it is the term for an account of the life of Jesus. A) Baptism B) Gospel C) Indulgence D) Apostle

B) Gospel

________ means "kindness-toward" (Latin), a remission of time spent in purgatory (a state of temporary punishment in the afterlife); it is an aspect of Catholic belief and practice. A) Apostle B) Indulgence C) Gospel D) Baptism

B) Indulgence

________ means "straight opinion" (Greek), or correct belief. A) Ecumenical B) Orthodox C) Apocalyptic D) Evangelical

B) Orthodox

The view that God's imminent divine judgment and the end of the world is near is A) messianism. B) apocalypticism. C) redemption. D) schism.

B) apocalypticism.

A(n) ________ is the word to describe one of Jesus' twelve disciples. A) fishermen B) apostle C) journeyman D) bishop

B) apostle

Meaning "Overseer" (Greek), a priest and church leader, a(n) ________ is in charge of a large geographical area called a diocese. A) capo B) bishop C) consigliore D) pastore

B) bishop

The doctrine of the ________ is the belief that God became visible in Jesus. A) dogma B) incarnation C) eucharist D) icon

B) incarnation

Meaning "Kindness-toward" (Latin), ________ is the remission of time spent in purgatory (a state of temporary punishment in the afterlife); it is an aspect of Catholic belief and practice. A) gentile de B) indulgence C) reduction D) bailing

B) indulgence

For those who would turn Jesus into a champion and protector of the family, the Gospel evidence is A) missing. B) mixed. C) solid. D) against this.

B) mixed.

righteousness

Being sinless in the sight of God; also called "justification."

The Lord's Supper is referred to by the Greek word ________. A) Mangeremo B) Dogma C) Eucharist D) Cenaremo

C) Eucharist

________ refers to emphasizing the authority of the scripture; it is an adjective used to identify certain Protestant groups. A) Predestinarian B) Apocalyptic C) Evangelical D) Incarnational

C) Evangelical

A(n) ________ is an account of the life of Jesus, meaning literally "good news." A) Orthodoxy B) Predestination C) Gospel D) Baptism

C) Gospel

Meaning "lengthening day," or "spring" (Anglo-Saxon), ________ is the preparatory period before Easter, lasting forty days. A) Ash Wednesday B) Mardi Gras C) Lent D) Carnival

C) Lent

________ is the belief that because God is all-powerful and all-knowing, a human being's ultimate reward or punishment is already decreed by God; it is a notion emphasized in Calvinism. A) Eucharist B) Sacrament C) Predestination D) Indulgence

C) Predestination

________, being sinless in the sight of God, is also called "justification." A) Mightiness B) Strength C) Righteousness D) Enriched

C) Righteousness

________ means "sacred action" (Latin); it is the term for one of the essential rituals of Christianity. A) Indulgence B) Incarnation C) Sacrament D) Predestination

C) Sacrament

The event that modernized the Roman Catholic Church was the A) Council of Trent. B) Counter-Reformation. C) Second Vatican Council. D) Council of Chalcedon.

C) Second Vatican Council.

Essential belief or a system of beliefs is called ________. A) icon B) eucharist C) dogma D) redemption

C) dogma

Meaning "good news person" (Greek), a(n) ________ is one of the four "authors" of the Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. A) dogma B) buonuomini C) evangelist D) None of these answers is correct.

C) evangelist

The belief that the death of Jesus has paid the price of God's justice for all wrongdoing is called ________. A) predestination B) sin C) redemption or atonement D) baptism

C) redemption or atonement

Meaning "sacred action" (Latin), the ________ is one of the essential rituals of Christianity. A) catechism B) Lord's Supper C) sacrament D) baptism

C) sacrament

Jesus sometimes sums up his teachings in A) ten commandments. B) one commandment. C) two commandments. D) five commandments.

C) two commandments.

Chapter Summary

Christianity is centered on the person of Jesus. He was born during a time of great religious and political unrest in Israel under Roman domination. The Jews were splintered into groups that advocated widely divergent responses to the times. Many believed they were living in the "end times" and expected God to intervene in a dramatic way, which would include the appearance of a leader called the Messiah. Jesus' ministry of teaching and healing probably began in his late twenties and lasted no more than three years. He was arrested in Jerusalem at Passover time by authorities who considered him a threat. He was soon tried and executed by crucifixion on a cross. Three days after he was buried, his followers found an empty tomb. Others reported appearances and visitations by a transformed Jesus that had been resurrected from the dead. Christian scriptures say that forty days later he ascended to the heavens, promising to return again. Virtually all we know of Jesus comes by way of the four Gospels in the New Testament that describe the life and teachings of Jesus. These portraits of Jesus were recorded some time after his death and reflect the distinctive viewpoints and culture of the individual writers. Jesus is portrayed as a Jew accepting the practices and authority of his tradition. Noted for independence of thought, Jesus centers his teaching on the subject of the Kingdom of God. He emphasizes love for God and other people. He recommends not judging others, compassion, help for the needy and oppressed, forgiveness, and nonviolence. He urges simplicity and is wary of overly strict observance of laws when they hurt people. Paul is responsible for the spread of belief in Jesus beyond the Jewish world through his extensive travels, powerful letters, and incisive thinking. Through his prompting and leadership, the early church decided that converts did not have to observe Jewish religious laws. In Paul's view, a right relationship with God came only through faith in Jesus. Following moral rules was done willingly out of gratitude for what God had accomplished through Jesus' sacrifice on the cross. Essentially, Paul's views on the meaning of Jesus, morality, and Christian practice became the norm for most of the Christian world. The Christian worldview took many centuries to be fully worked out through discussions, controversies, and great councils that produced the central creeds of the faith. The Holy Trinity is the belief that God, although one, is three "persons." The Father is the guiding intelligence that created the universe and made human beings an important part of the divine cosmic plan. The Son is Jesus Christ, who has both a fully human and a fully divine nature united in one person. The Holy Spirit is the power of God that guides all believers. Christians believe in life after death, a resurrection of all people, and a final judgment that will lead to an eternal life in either a joyous heaven or a torturous hell, depending on one's faith and goodness in the eyes of God. In the Middle Ages, Christianity developed thriving monastic and mystical movements and produced great figures, such as Francis of Assisi. Controversies over doctrine and church structure led to schisms that produced the great branches of Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant Christianity—with Protestantism itself subdividing many more times. Christian practice is rich, complex, and varied in the different branches. All Christians practice baptism and observe the Lord's Supper, with varying understandings. Holidays that mark significant times in the life of Christ and the early church, such as Easter and Christmas, are celebrated. Christianity has had a profound effect on the arts in the fields of architecture, painting, sculpture, and music. Its themes and stories are echoed in much great literature. Christianity continues to affect history and has in turn faced challenges from the modern world, especially with the growth of science and the changing roles of women.

The person who essentially shaped over a thousand years of Christianity was A) Aquinas. B) Benedict. C) Francis of Assisi. D) Augustine.

D) Augustine.

The Puritans and the Presbyterian Church stand within the tradition of A) the Anglican Church. B) the Anabaptists. C) Luther. D) Calvin.

D) Calvin.

________ means "good news person" (Greek), or one of the four "authors" of the Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. A) Patriarch B) Testament C) Indulgence D) Evangelist

D) Evangelist

The gospel that is not part of the Synoptics is A) Matthew. B) Mark. C) Luke. D) John.

D) John.

________ means "lengthening day," or "spring" (Anglo-Saxon); it is the preparatory period before Easter, lasting forty days. A) Trinity B) Messiah C) Testament D) Lent

D) Lent

The Eastern branch of Christianity is referred to as A) Eucharist. B) Lent. C) Trinity. D) Orthodox.

D) Orthodox.

Before Paul was converted to belief in Jesus, he was a(n) A) Jewish patriot. B) Essene. C) Sadducee. D) Pharisee.

D) Pharisee.

The pope is the bishop of ________ and head of the Roman Catholic Church. A) Venice B) Milan C) Florence D) Rome

D) Rome

The ________ Church rejects the doctrine of the Trinity, considers Jesus to not be divine, and is dedicated to social justice, tolerance, and human rights issues. A) Southern Baptist B) Presbyterian C) Catholic D) Unitarian

D) Unitarian

The term messiah means A) priest. B) angel of the Lord. C) Son of God. D) anointed.

D) anointed.

The Christian rite of initiation, ________ involves immersion in water or sprinkling of water. A) circumcision B) boarding C) libation D) baptism

D) baptism

Dialogue between Christian denominations is A) apocalypticism. B) sacramentalism. C) evangelicalism. D) ecumenism.

D) ecumenism.

A(n) ________ is a religious painting on wood used in the Orthodox Church. A) incarnation B) dogma C) eucharist D) icon

D) icon

belief or doctrine is called ________. A) heretical B) secular C) catholic D) orthodox

D) orthodox

A ________ was an important bishop of one of the major ancient sites of Christianity (Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Moscow). A) canon B) Gospel C) filioque D) patriarch

D) patriarch

ecumenism

Dialogue between Christian denominations.

evangelical

Emphasizing the authority of the scripture; an adjective used to identify certain Protestant groups.

The Lord's Supper is referred to by the Greek word ________ .

Eucharist

Emphasizing the authority of the scripture, ________ identifies certain Protestant groups.

Evangelical

"Ecumenism" means being sinless in the sight of God; it is also called "justification."

False

"Evangelical" refers to the Eastern branch of Christianity.

False

Advent means "lengthening day," or "spring" (Anglo-Saxon); it is the preparatory period before Easter, lasting forty days.

False

Apocalyptic means "straight opinion" (Greek), or correct belief.

False

Apostle means "good news" (Middle English) and is an account of the life of Jesus.

False

Canon means "good gift" (Greek) and refers to the Lord's Supper.

False

Filioque means "buy again," "buy back" (Latin), referring to the belief that the death of Jesus has paid the price of justice for all human wrongdoing.

False

Gospel means "Measure," or "rule" (Greek); it is a list of authoritative books or documents.

False

Icon means "overseer" (Greek), a priest and church leader who is in charge of a large geographical area called a diocese.

False

Incarnation means the ability of each believer to rethink and interpret the ideas and values of Christianity.

False

Indulgence means "in flesh" (Latin); it is a belief that God became visible in Jesus.

False

Indulgence means "sacred action" (Latin); it is the term for one of the essential rituals of Christianity.

False

Neopantheism is the belief that the world will soon come to an end; this belief usually includes the notion of a great battle, final judgment, and the reward of the good.

False

The "Protestant Principle" refers to the scriptures sacred to Christians, consisting of the books of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament.

False

A ________ is an account of the life of Jesus, meaning literally "good news."

Gospel

"Lengthening day," "spring" (Anglo-Saxon); ________ is the preparatory period before Easter, lasting forty days.

Lent

apostle

One of Jesus' twelve disciples; also any early preacher of Christianity.

The Eastern branch of Christianity is known as ________ .

Orthodoxy

________ is the belief that a human being's ultimate reward or punishment is already known to God and even caused by him.

Predestination

baptism

The Christian rite of initiation, involving immersion in water or sprinkling of water.

Orthodoxy

The Eastern branch of Christianity.

Protestant Principle

The ability of each believer to radically rethink and interpret the ideas and values of Christianity apart from any church authority.

predestination

The belief that because God is all-powerful and all-knowing, a human being's ultimate reward or punishment is already decreed by God; a notion emphasized in Calvinism.

apocalypticism

The belief that the world will soon come to an end; this belief usually includes the notion of a great battle, final judgment, and the reward of the good.

patriarch

The bishop of one of the major ancient sites of Christianity (Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Moscow).

Bible

The scriptures sacred to Christians, consisting of the books of the Hebrew bible and the New Testament.

Trinity

The three "persons" in God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

"Original sin" is an inclination toward evil, inherited by human beings as a result of Adam's disobedience.

True

"Patriarch" refers to the bishop of one of the major ancient sites of Christianity (Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Moscow).

True

An apostle is one of Jesus' twelve disciples; the term is also used for any early preacher of Christianity.

True

Baptism is the Christian rite of initiation, involving immersion in water or sprinkling of water.

True

Ecumenism refers to dialogue between Christian denominations.

True

Evangelical refers to emphasizing the authority of the scripture; it is an adjective used to identify certain Protestant groups.

True

Evangelist means "good news person" (Greek); it is a term that refers to one of the four "authors" of the Gospels - Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.

True

Filioque means "and from the Son" and refers to a Latin work added to the creeds in the Western Church statement that the Holy Spirit arises from both the Father and the Son. This notion helped cause a separation between Western and Eastern Churches.

True

Icon means "image" (Greek) and is the term for a religious painting on wood, as used in the Orthodox Church.

True

Indulgence means "kindness-toward" (Latin) and is a remission of time spent in purgatory (a state of temporary punishment in the afterlife), an aspect of Catholic belief and practice.

True

Messiah means "anointed" (Hebrew), a special messenger sent by God foretold in Hebrew Scriptures, and believed by Christians to be Jesus.

True

Mormons consider themselves to be Christians who belong to a perfect, restored Christianity. They are also called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

True

Pope means "father" (Latin) and is the term for the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church.

True

Predestination is the belief that because God is all-powerful and all-knowing; a human being's ultimate reward or punishment is already decreed by God, a notion emphasized in Calvinism.

True

Sin means wrongdoing, seen as disobedience to God.

True

Trinity refers to the three "persons" in God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

True

The ________ Church rejects the doctrine of the Trinity, considers Jesus to not be divine, and is dedicated to social justice, tolerance, and human rights issues.

Unitarian

sin

Wrongdoing, seen as disobedience to God.

A(n) ________ was one of Jesus' twelve disciples.

apostle

The Christian rite of initiation, ________ involves immersion in water or sprinkling of water.

baptism

"Overseer" (Greek); a priest and church leader, a(n)is in charge of a large geographical area called a diocese ________ .

bishop

Essential belief or a system of beliefs is called ________ .

dogma

Dialogue between Christian denominations is called ________ .

ecumenism

"Good news person" (Greek); a(n) ________ is one of the four "authors" of the Gospels--Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.

evangelist

A(n) ________ is a religious painting on wood used in the Orthodox Church.

icon

The doctrine of the ________ is the belief that God became visible in Jesus.

incarnation

"Kindness-toward" (Latin); ________ is the remission of time spent in purgatory (a state of temporary punishment in the afterlife); an aspect of Catholic belief and practice.

indulgence

Correct belief or doctrine is called ________ .

orthodox

The bishop of one of the major ancient sites of Christianity (Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Moscow) is known as a(n).

patriarch

"Father" (Latin); the ________ is the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church.

pope

The belief that the death of Jesus has paid the price of God's justice for all wrongdoing is called ________ .

redemption or atonement

Being sinless in the sight of God; ________ is also called "justification."

righteousness

"Sacred action" (Latin); the ________ is one of the essential rituals of Christianity.

sacrament

Disobedience to God is called ________ .

sin