Chapter 9: Families and Children

Identify each circumstance that increases or decreases the opportunity cost of having a child.

Increases getting the first job in one's chosen career field after college getting a promotion at work Decreases getting fired getting a low-paying job that does not require a college degree

Identify each group of people as more or less likely to use assisted reproductive technology.

More Likely older couples individuals who anticipate damage to their reproductive organs due to chemotherapy or another challenge same-sex couples Less Likely heterosexual couples who have just begun trying to have a child

Then match the costs to the correct category and type of family, according to how much the average family with two children spends in these categories.

transportation for a high-income family$49,860 Correct label:$49,860 clothing for a low-income family$11,700 Correct label:$11,700 child care and education for a high-income family$86,820 Correct label:$86,820 health care for a low-income family$15,120 Correct label:$15,120

Label the two remaining parts of the figure according to the percentage of births to each type of mother.

unmarried, cohabiting mothers -20% married mothers -60%

Identify the conclusions that one can draw from this figure.

Conclusion(s) Infertility is less equal across race/ethnicity than educational attainment. Women with BA degrees or higher show the lowest rates of infertility. Not Conclusion(s) Infertility is less equal across educational attainment than race/ethnicity. Given unequal rates of infertility by education, birth rates must be higher for more highly educated women.

Match each example use of technology to one of sociologist Margaret Nelson's categories of how parents use technology: connection, constraint, or spying.

Constraint Correct label:using controls to block children from using certain apps Connection Correct label:giving children smartphones to text Correct label:friending or following children on social media sites like Facebook Spying Correct label:installing apps on children's phones to track their activity

Identify the factors that contributed to families' having fewer children during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Contributing Factor(s) More children lived into adulthood. Children's labor was not needed. Raising children cost more money. Not Contributing Factor(s) Abandoned children were adopted or fostered rather than made to work.

Identify the shared pressures that Chinese and U.S. parents face.

Shared Pressure(s) Many parents spend a lot of money on child-development activities. Women are largely responsible for rearing children. Not Shared Pressure(s) Women in both countries have ultra-low fertility rates. Government policies limited the number of children families could have.

Label the figure according to parenting types: authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful.

high/high - authoritative high/low - indulgent low/high - authoritarian low/low - neglectful

Identify the impacts of transitions on children's stress and well-being.

Impact(s) They can disrupt the emotional ties and support systems built between children and household members. They can change the level of economic security of the household. Not Impact(s) They can improve children's level of stress and well-being when disruptive household members leave.

Match each type of unmarried parent to the appropriate description.

not ready or willing to marry yet and typically poor young adults Correct label:young adults a diverse group, including some living with a partner and others not partnered divorced adults Correct label:divorced adults single and not typically poor alone older women Correct label:alone older women

Based on this figure, identify the ways that family diversity has increased since 1960.

Way(s) There are far fewer father-only families than mother-only families in all racial-ethnic groups. There is greater representation of non-two-parent family structures. Not Way(s) The percentage of children living in "other" family structures has grown for all groups. Some groups have seen a growth in mother-only households while others have seen a decline.

Identify the factors that likely contribute to a doubling in the percentage of adults who do not live with children.

Factor(s) greater educational and occupational attainment for women delayed marriage and childbearing Not Factor(s) rising rates of divorce increasing religiosity

The total fertility rate in the United States is currently 1.82, which is the same as the replacement fertility rate.

False

Click on the bands that represent the highest and lowest proportions of 45-year-old women in the United States, according to their childbearing rates.

purple & yellow

Identify the statements that are true of adoptive parents.

True Statement(s) They are parents to a child or children they did not produce biologically. They have rights and obligations enforced by the U.S. government. They are parents via a legal agreement. False Statement(s) Their legal ties to their children can be revoked by a biological relative of the child.

Click on the bars in the time period in which living in the home with a grandparent was most and least common.

1970 2010

Based on what you read in the "Changing Culture" section, why would the culture of intensive parenting contribute to more people choosing to be childfree?

The culture of intensive parenting ramps up expectations for how much time and resources parents devote to children.

About - percent of pregnancies that do not end in miscarriage are aborted in the United States. The vast majority of these abortions take place in the -trimester of the pregnancy.

- 19 - first

In recent decades, parental insecurity has been increasing, as more and more experts are giving - about how to be good parents. In addition to this practice by experts, parental insecurity is enhanced by the - number of children parents have today and the - that they face.

- advice - smaller - economic insecurity

Since 1900, family size has steadily -, except during the -. Today, the most common American family with children has - child[ren].

- decreased - baby boom - two

Infertility is typically defined as the - to have a successful - despite having sex without - for - months.

- failure - pregnancy - contraception - 12

Latinos have the - fertility rate of all racial-ethnic groups in the United States. This is due to several factors, including Latinos' high rate of religious commitment to -, lower levels of -, cultural expectations to have children, and immigration.

- highest - Catholicism - education

Karen's parents were very attentive to her development and performance in school. They made sure she knew she should ask her teacher questions when she was unsure of what to do in school. They also talked to Karen about her day in school every evening. They attended parent-teacher conferences and talked to other parents when they were concerned about how the school was handling Karen's attention problems. Their close friends, the Matthews, had a son in the same grade who sometimes came to them with questions as well; the four parents enjoyed socializing with one another.

-ask her teacher questions -talked to Karen -attended parent-teacher conferences -talked to other parents

Alexa and Jon tried to have children for many years without success, leading to a diagnosis of -. Now older and unsuccessful at other means of having children, they refer to themselves as -. Their friends Deb and Shira, however, refer to themselves as - to denote their choice not to have or adopt children.

-infertility -childless -childfree

Half a century ago, adoptions were often -. In contrast, today they are more often -. Today, almost all adopted children - they live in an adoptive family.

-secretive -open -know

Parenting involves raising a child, and parents do this by providing three categories of skills or resources. First, parents forge - with their children, providing them with love and support and receiving love in return. Second, parents also - their children by modeling behaviors and by instruction. Third, parents build - that help them parent and provide resources.

-social bonds -socialize -social networks

What did the Supreme Court rule in the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision?

A woman's right to abortion is protected as a private decision under the Constitution.

Identify the accurate conclusions drawn from the figure.

Accurate Conclusion(s) The birth rate for women under age 30 declined beginning in 2007. The greatest decline in birth rates has occurred among those under the age of 24. The birth rate for women over age 30 has been steadily increasing since 2000. Inaccurate Conclusion(s) In 2011, the birth rate for women under age 30 leveled off after the recession.

Based on the figure, identify the accurate statements.

Accurate Statement(s) Fertility in 2006 was lower than at any other point on the graph. Fertility in the baby boom era (represented by women who reached the end of their childbearing years in the 1980s) was driven up largely by women having four or more children. Inaccurate Statement(s) The highest proportion of women who had reached the end of their childbearing years by 1961 were in the "3" children category. A much higher percentage of women ages 45 and above is childless today than ever before.

Place the racial-ethnic groups in order from lowest to highest fertility rate.

American Indians Asians Whites Latinos

Identify the examples of transitions that may add to children's stress and affect their development.

Example(s) an aunt's moving in after losing her job a mother's boyfriend's moving into the home moving to a new, safer neighborhood Not Example(s) being punished unfairly by a parent

How have parents' reasons for having children changed over time?

Having children is more of an emotional or symbolic asset, not a practical one.

Identify the impacts of educational attainment on parenting.

Impact(s) Parents with more education have better access to jobs that allow them flexibility, expanding their options for parenting. Parents with more education are more likely to follow the most recent advice on parenting. Not Impact(s) Parents with more education are less likely to engage their children in physical activities, placing them at lower risk. Parents with more education care more deeply about being good parents.

Identify the impacts of transitions on children's stress and well-being.

Impact(s) They can change the level of economic security of the household. They can disrupt the emotional ties and support systems built between children and household members. Not Impact(s) They can improve children's level of stress and well-being when disruptive household members leave.

Match each characteristic to either the "male provider ideal" or the "involved father ideal."

Male Provider IdealSELECT A LABEL Correct label:works in a high-paying job Correct label:dispenses discipline to children Involved Father IdealSELECT A LABEL Correct label:talks with children about their day and any frustrations they may have Correct label:spends time with children at home and out of the home

Identify the parental changes brought about by intensive mothering.

Parental Change(s) Parenting comes with greater stressors. Mothers spend more time with children. Not Parental Change(s) Mothers increasingly use child-care workers to buy time for their own leisure. Mothers rebel against norms and choose their own paths.

Identify the reasons why international adoptions in the United States peaked in 2004.

Reason(s) Adoptions from some nations were halted entirely. Ethical and legal violations were more closely scrutinized. Not Reason(s) Fewer children were placed in foster care. Many people reacted against open adoptions.

Identify the reasons why women with less education have more children, on average, than women with more education.

Reason(s) Schooling delays the start of childbearing. The opportunity cost of having children is lower for less educated women. Not Reason(s) It is less costly for less educated women to have children. Many educated women don't want to have children.

Place the following events in the history of childhood in chronological order.

Young children worked as chimney sweeps in inner cities. The government placed regulations on the age of child chimney workers. Children who roamed city streets were put at risk of being hit by cars, trains, and other vehicles. Cities implemented traffic safety laws and expanded spaces where children could more safely congregate.

Identify the challenges that studying fathers presents to researchers.

Challenge(s) Only 3 percent of single parents are fathers. Some fathers do not live in households with their children. Not Challenge(s) Fathers are typically uninvolved in their children's lives. Stay-at-home fathers are rare.