Chapter 9 Flash Cards

Vital Signs: PRESCHOOLERS

- 80-120 bpm - Respiratory Rate of 20-30 - Systolic blood pressure is 80-110 - Temperature 98.6 - 99.6

Vital Signs: TODDLER

- 80-130 bpm - Respiratory Rate of 20-30 - Systolic blood pressure is 70-100 mmHg - Temperature 98.6 - 99.6

Physiological Changes: Early Adulthood

- All body systems are operating at optimal levels. - Reach physical peak condition between 19 and 26 years of age. - Are capable of risky activity. - Accidents are the leading cause of death (due to risky activity). - Once they reach their peak, their physical condition begins to slow down. They gain weight, store fat, and experience decreased muscle tone. - Spinal disks settle. - Develop lifelong habits and routines that will impact the quality of their health and life.

Infant's Pulmonary System

- An infant's airways are shorter, narrower, less stable, and more easily obstructed than those of an adult. - Until 4 weeks of age, infants are primarily nose breathers. - They have fewer alveoli with decreased collateral ventilation. - If the respiratory rate is rapid, it can lead to rapid heat and fluid loss. Keep the baby warm and dry.

Psychosocial Changes: Middle Adulthood

- Approach problems more as challenges than as threats. - Find ways to help younger generations. - Period of self-questioning. - Aware of the limits of time and formulate new goals for the remainder of their lives. - Focus on others rather than themselves. - Many are burdened by financial commitments both for elderly parents and for young adult children. - Children leave the home and some adults experience a feeling of loss known as emptynest syndrome. - Some embrace the extra time they didn't have before. - Many adults become grandparents.

Physiological Changes: Middle Adulthood

- Body is still functioning at a high level but with varying degrees of degradation. - More susceptible to chronic illnesses and diseases like diabetes and arthritis. - Cardiovascular health becomes a concern. Cardiac output decreases and cholesterol levels increase. - Cancer is also a concern and strikes this age group frequently. - Gain weight easily, controlling weight becomes more difficult. - Most do not hear as well as they did in the Early Adulthood. - Women in their late 40s and 50s will go through menopause. - Women are prone to a decrease in height as a result of osteoporosis.

Psychosocial Changes: Early Adulthood

- Take on more responsibility and become more independent. - Choose to leave their parent's homes and make homes of their own. - Develop both romantic and affectionate relationships. - Marry and begin new families. - New challenges and stress. - Finish school and find a career. - Experience the highest levels of job stress during this period. - More capable of coping with their stress.

Psychosocial Changes: Toddler & Preschoolers

- The basics of language are usually mastered by approximately 36 months. - By 18 to 24 months a child can understand cause and effect. - Most children develop separation anxiety at approximately 18 months of age. - By age 5, the preschooler can say his name and address. - He can also recall and tell stories. - Are able to play simple games and follow basic rules. - Begin to display competitiveness, may express feelings and frustrations. - **Take language literally.

Musculoskeletal System: Toddlers & Preschoolers

- The bones grow and increase in density. - By the end of this period the children will have all of their primary teeth. - Continue to increase their muscle mass, but their weight gain slows down. They normally shed extra fat and become leaner.

Physiological Changes: School-age Child

- The bones in the musculoskeletal system continue to increase in density and grow larger. Most children experience some discomfort when this occurs. - Begin to lose their primary teeth and replace them with permanent teeth. - Brain function increases in both hemispheres. - Able to read and write. -Able to control their bodily functions better. - Some still struggle with nocturnal enuresis (bed-wetting after the age of 10)

Early Adulthood

20 to 40 years of age

Middle Adulthood

41 to 60 years of age

Life Expectancy

Average years of life remaining based on the individual's year of birth. Almost all individuals will die from diseases or accidents before reaching the maximum life span.

Neonate

Child from birth to 1 month

Toddler

Child who is 1 to 3 years of age

Preschooler

Child who is 3 to 6 years of age

Vital Signs: Adolescent

- 55-105 bpm - Respiratory Rate of 12-20 - Systolic blood pressure of 100-120 mmHg - Temperature of 98.6

Vital Signs: Middle Adulthood

- 70 bpm - Respiratory Rate of 16-20 - Average BP of 120/80 mmHg - Temperature 98.6

Vital Signs: Early Adulthood

- 70 bpm - Respiratory Rate of 16-20 - Average blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg - Temperature 98.6

Vital Signs: School-age Child

- 70-110 bpm - Respiratory Rate of 20-30 - Systolic blood pressure of 80-120 mmHg - Temperature 98.6

Psychosocial Changes: Adolescence

- Become more argumentative and more aware of the shortcomings of others. - Believe that they are the focus of others' attention and that they are invulnerable. - Want privacy. - Develop their identity. - Peer pressure increases. - Self-consciousness increases and desire more independence and responsibility. - Make decisions that will influence their careers and their futures. - Antisocial behavior peaks around eighth or ninth grade. - Participate in activities such as tobacco, alcohol, and/or illicit drug use. - Become very concerned with body image. - Depression and suicide are more common. - Eating disorders are more common among males. - Both males and females begin dating and/or participating in sexual activity. - Able to reproduce.

Physiological Changes: Late Adulthood

- Body systems continue to become less efficient. - Efficiency of circulation decreases. - Blood vessels thicken. - Increases peripheral resistance, which in turn reduces blood flow to the organs. - The workload and size of the heart increase, which puts additional demands on the myocardium. - Less able to respond to exercise, and tachycardia is not well tolerated in this age group. - Functional blood volume is also decreased. - Chest wall and bone structure weaken and make coughing ineffective. - Elasticity of the diaphragm and lung capacity are diminished. - Metabolic changes and lifelong exposure to pollutants have diminished the lung capacity and diffusion of the gases through the alveoli. - Brain gets smaller and these adults lose neurons, which causes problem with memory, balance, and movement. - Sleep cycle may be dirupted, experience sleep problems. - Reaction time is decreases and it takes longer to respond than before. Making them at higher risk to falls or injury. - Lose taste buds. - Olfactory senses are diminished. - Experience diminished pain perception and diminished kinesthetic sense. - Hearing loss and visual acuity is decreased. - Decreased metabolism and insulin production. - 50 percent nephron loss within the kidney's, abnormal glomeruli increases. - Decreased elimination of urines from the renal system. - Problems with hydration. - Lose permanent teeth and must use dentures. - Changes in diet that could result in vitamin and mineral deficiencies. - GI system functions less efficiently and GI secretions are decreased. - Rate of absorption of minerals, food, and medications also change, and many suffer from constipation.

Psychosocial Changes: School-age Children

- Capable of fundamental reasoning and problem solving. - Develop their own self-concept. - Develop a sense of self-esteem and morals. - Understand how to obey rules and avoid punishment. - Understand concepts associated with pain, illness, death, and loss.

Vital Signs: Late Adulthood

- Depends on the person's physical and health status. Underlying diseases, poor physical conditioning, and some medications can alter the vital signs for these patients. - Normal Temperature stays at 98.6

Nervous Systems: Toddlers & Preschoolers

- Develop quickly. The brain is the FASTEST growing part of their body. - By PRESCHOOL age the child's brain has reached 90% of its adult weight. Effortless walking and basic motor skills. - Develop fine motor skills such as using their fingers and hands to manipulate objects.

Physiological Changes: Adolescent

- Experience a rapid 2 to 3 year growth spurt. Muscle mass and bone growth and development are nearly complete by the end of this period. - Growth spurt begins distally with the enlargement of the feet and hands and progresses along the extremities. In the final stages, the chest and trunk enlarge. - Girls are mostly done growing by age of 16 - Boys are mostly done growing by age of 18 - Girls usually begin puberty around age 10, which is about 2 years before most boys - Males grow facial, pubic, and axillary hair. - Develop a deeper voice. - Shoulders broaden and their muscles become larger. - Females begin menstruation and their breasts enlarge. Also grow pubic and axillary hair. - Their hips normally widen and the waist gets smaller.

Infant's Psychosocial Changes

- If the infant does not seem anxious or upset when separated from his parent, consider underlying causes - Crying is how infants communicate with the world. - Normally cries in response to a basic need, anger, or pain. - The basic cry normally indicates that he is hungry, wet, or tired.

Toilet Training

- Physiologically capable of toilet training by 12 to 15 months, most are not ready though until they reach 18 to 30 months. - The AVERAGE age for toilet training completion is 28 months. - Also experience bed-wetting at night until they are 6 or 7 years of age.

Vital Signs: INFANT

- Respiratory rate of 20-30 - Tidal volume of 10-15 mL/kg - 120 bpm - Systolic pressure of 90 mmHg - Temperature of 98-100

Vital Signs: BIRTH

- Respiratory rate of 40-60 (drops to 30-40 after a few minutes of life) - Tidal volume of 6-8 mL/kg - 140-160 bpm (after 30 minutes decreases to 100-160) - Systolic pressure of 70 mmHg - Temperature of 98-100

By 6 months an Infant will be able to do the following:

- Sit upright in a chair - Make one-syllable sounds - Raise and support his upper body when he is on his stomach - Grasp and shake hand toys - Push down on his legs and feet when held over a firm surface - Follow moving objects with his eyes - Recognize familiar objects at a distance - Begin to babble and try to imitate familiar sounds

Fontanelles

- Soft spots on the skull that allow the head to be compressed and pass through the birth canal during delivery. - Posterior Fontanelle - Closes after 3 months - Anterior Fontanelle - Closes between 9 and 18 months - Can be an indirect estimate of hydration. Normally the fontanelles will be level to the skull. If the child is dehydrated, the fontanelles may appear depressed or sunken in to relation to the rest of the skull.

By the age of 5 the Preschooler will be able to:

- Stand on one foot for more than 10 seconds - Hop, jump, swing, climb, and do somersaults - Dress and undress without assistance - Use forks, spoons, and sometimes knifes appropriately - Count ten or more objects - Trace and draw pictures

Pulmonary System: Toddlers & Preschoolers

- The terminal airways continue to branch and the alveoli continue to grow in number. - More susceptible to minor respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. - The child begins to develop his own immunity, known as Active Immunity.

By 2 months an Infant will be able to do the following:

- Track objects with his eyes - Focus on objects 8-12 inches away - Recognize familiar faces - Display primary emotions and facial expressions - Hear and recognize some familiar sounds and voices - Move in response to stimuli

By the age of 3 a Toddler will be able to:

- Walk alone and begin to run - Pull or carry several toys when walking - Climb up and down furniture or stairs with minimal support - Scribble and play with toys - Recognize names, faces, voices, objects, and body parts - Find hidden objects - Sort objects by shape or color

By 12 months an Infant will be able to do the following:

- Walk with help - Know his own name - Sit without assistance - Crawl and creep on his hands and knees - Put objects into containers - Poke objects with fingers - Respond to simple requests and "no" - Say "mama" or "dada" - Imitate some words, gestures, and facial expressions - Begin to use objects like brushes, cups, or phones correctly - Finger feed himself

Infant

1 month to 1 year of age

Adolescent

12 and 18 years of age

School-age Child

6 to 12 years of age

Late Adulthood

61 years of age and older

Infant's Mouth

As the infant's first year progresses he will be able to consume soft foods without yet having teeth. During infancy, the primary teeth will begin to emerge and the baby will be slowly introduced to solid foods

Infant's Nervous System

Infant's have special reflexes, or instantaneous and involuntary movements. The reflexes include blinking, startling, rooting, sucking, swallowing, stepping, gagging, and grasping.

What promotes diaphragmatic breathing in an infant?

Less rigid chest wall and more horizontally placed ribs

Maximum Life Span

Theoretically 120 years for a human being.