Chapter 9 - Human Biology (Concepts and Current Issues)

In what way can you reduce the rejection of the transplanted organ?

By giving the recipient immunosuppressive drugs.

Mutations may cause some of our own cells to become abnormal, and may even lead to ______________.

Cancer

Prions are resistant to ____________, _____________, and even____________.

Cooking, freezing, drying

Crucial to the specific and non-specific defense mechanisms is the ____________ _____________,

Immune system

Early warning proteins sent out by viral-infected cells are:

Interferons

What is one benefit of drinking cranberry juice when you suspect a bladder infection?

It makes the urine more acidic decreasing bacteria growth and reproduction.

In what ways is the secondary immune response different from the primary immune response?

More antibodies are produced. It is faster It is longer lasting

There is no known cure for ____________ infection

Piron

Pathogens: Prion

Prion - a misfolded form of normal brain cell protein cooking, freezing, and even drying

Cytotoxic Cells

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________.

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity:

involves the administration of preformed antibodies.

All of the following are done to assure a successful organ transplant EXCEPT:

irradiate the recipient to knock out their immune system

Activation of a B cell leads to all of the following, EXCEPT:

destruction of cytokines

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by:

having keratin in the uppermost layer

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks

its own connective tissue

Fever is caused when ________________ release ________________.

macrophages; pyrogens

Characteristics of bacteria include all of the following, EXCEPT _____________.

presence of membrane-bound organelles

Once prions enter a nerve cell

they convert normal forms of certain brain cell protein into new prion, eventually so many prions accumulate within the infected brain cells that the cells die and burst.

Memory T Cells

this T cell clone remembers pathogens allowing for a faster response in the event of a second exposure to the same pathogen.

The _________ _________ ________ ___________ killed an estimated 20 million people worldwide!!

1918 Spanish influenza virus

"Mad cow disease"

1986 - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

The immune system

A complex group of cells, proteins and structures of the lymphatic system and circulatory systems.

A specific antibody will bind to _______________.

A specific antigen

Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as:

An allergen

The world is swarming with living organisms (________), and even some non-living entities (__________ and __________)

Bacteria, viruses, prions

Pathogens cause _____________, and include:

Disease Bacteria, viruses, fungi, a few protozoa, and possibly prisons, larger parasites, including various worms can also be pathogens.

Which answer lists the steps of phagocytosis in the CORRECT order?

Foreign cell is surrounded by the cell membrane of the phagocyte. Foreign cell is contained within a vesicle. Lysosome fuses with the vesicle containing a foreign cell. Lysosomal enzymes break down the foreign cell. Wastes from the foreign cell are removed.

Non-specific defense mechanisms

Help the body respond to generalized tissue damage, and many of the more common or obvious pathogens, including most bacteria and some viruses.

Viral Diseases

Influenza, Herpes Simplex, Hepatitis, HIV, Adenovirus, etc.

Virus

Much smaller than bacteria / human cell Composed of: Double strand of DNA or single strand of RNA surrounded by protein coat Reproduction, growth? Replication: incorporates its genetic material into cell's genetic material; copies

_____________ come from within the body (alterations to a cell's DNA)

Mutations

Pathogens come from __________ the ________.

Outside the body

Organisms that cause diseases are called ____________.

Pathogens

Bacteria

Single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus, or membrane-bound organelles. 1. Prokaryote 2. DNA: single closed loop in cytoplasm, attached to plasma membrane 3. Uses ATP from Carbohydrates (CHO), and fats as energy

Barriers to entry or ways of expelling or neutralizing pathogens before they can do harm

Skin, stomach acid, tears, vomiting and defecation

Bacterial diseases

Tetanus, Cholera, Botulism, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, etc.

Which statement explains why people get so many colds.

The viruses change their antigenic structure rapidly so they are not recognized by memory cells.

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes?

They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells.

Helper T Cells

activated by interacting with macrophages or b-cells that have encountered foreign antigen Type of cell that HIV hijacks

Specific Defense Mechanisms

antibodies: for specific pathogens

The actions and effectiveness of antibiotics depends on differences between bacterial and human cells, including that:

bacteria have a thick cell wall, while human cells do not

The alveoli _______________.

consist of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells

Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they both

contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid