Chapter 9: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Which chemical resets the hypothalamic thermostat, causing fever? pyrogen chemotaxis platelet-activating factor histamine plasmin

Pyrogen

_________________ are inflexible shrinkages of wound tissue as the body closes the wound. Transudates Adhesions Keloids Contractures Exudates

Contractures

You believe John is suffering from poor wound healing and inflammation due to infection of the surgical wound site. This does not appear to be a long-term, or chronic, inflammatory response, but rather an acute response to an infectious agent. Thus, anti-microbial medications, rather than long-term anti-inflammatory agents such as________________, are prescribed. opioids corticosteroids beta blockers

Corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are prescribed to reduce chronic inflammation associated with certain diseases, such as asthma. Corticosteroids work by suppressing inflammatory gene expression and inflammatory mediators. Opioids are used to relieve pain, while beta blockers are used to manage cardiac arrhythmias.

In addition, mediators of inflammation, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and _________________, were shown to be elevated. PT ALT ESR

ESR. ESR, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate, along with CRP are generic markers of inflammation. Although they are not specifically diagnostic, elevation in these factors can be used to assess the presence of inflammation due to infection or autoimmune diseases. PT refers to "prothrombin time" and is used to assess blood clotting. ALT, alanine aminotransferase, is a liver enzyme that may elevate in the blood with liver damage.

When you examine the wound, you note the appearance of redness and warmth. Fluid appearing to contain cells and proteins, known as _________, is seeping from the edges of the wound. exudate transudate

Exudate. Exudate is fluid that contains proteins and cells. Transudate is clear fluid, as found in a blister.

As skin cells are _____________, meaning they are mitotically active and continue to transition through the cell cycle, the wound should be healing. permanent stable labile

Labile. Labile cells continue move through the cell cycle to replace worn out, damaged, or lost cells. Stable cells, such as liver cells, can be induced to replicate with a strong enough stimuli. Permanent cells are unable to replicate.

Laboratory analysis of John's blood reveals an elevated white blood cell count, known as ___________. leukocytosis leukopenia

Leukocytosis. Leukocytosis is an elevation in total white blood cell number. This often occurs with illness and infection. Leukopenia is a reduction in total white blood cell number.

John, age 37, appears at your clinic complaining of pain and soreness in his knee. Several days prior, John had undergone shoulder surgery to repair a tear in the medial meniscus. The surgical laceration is considered a _________________ intention. primary secondary tertiary

Primary. In a primary intention, the wound edges are close together and scarring is minimal. In a secondary intention, the wound is allowed to granulate, and wound care is needed daily. The wound may be packed with gauze or allowed to drain. In tertiary intention, delayed wound closure often results in significant scarring.

John's body temperature is slightly elevated. You know that fevers are a common sign of infection caused by ___________, chemical signals that reset the hypothalamic thermostat. chemotaxis leukotrienes pyrogens

Pyrogens. Pyrogens are exogenous or endogenous chemical signals that cause fever. Chemotaxis refers to the movement towards a chemical signal, whereas leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators released by white blood cells.

Which of the following are associated with inflammation? Select all that apply. Redness Warmth Swelling Increased vascular permeability Increased blood flow

Redness Warmth Swelling Increased vascular permeability Increased blood flow

Which type of cells, found in the liver and bone, can be induced to replicate with a strong enough stimulus? Labile Stable Permanent Semi-permanent

Stable

Increased epithelial formation may result in scars or _________________. fever acute inflammation keloid formation purulent exudate transudate

keloid formation