Chapter 9 : Intelligence

Extent to which genetic factors can explain traits that vary from person to person

Heritability

Kinesthetic intelligence is one of the kinds of intelligence identified by psychologist ____________________.

Howard Gardner

Comparison of test scores of a person taking the same test at different times

test-retest reilability

A measurement based on whether an assessment tool measures the factor it is designed to measure.

validity

This theory suggests that there are nine separate factors that make-up intelligence. a. Two-Factor Theory c. Theory of Multiple Intelligences b. Theory of Mental Capacity d. Theory of Emotional Intelligence

C

________ is the ability to invent new solutions to problems.

Creativity

Goleman's research focuses on a. analytical ability. c. achievement. b. multiple intelligences. d. emotional intelligence.

D

Graduates of Head Start centers are more likely to a. finish high school. c. earn high incomes. b. attend college. d. do all of the above.

D

Intelligence tests do not account for a. prior education. c. motivation. b. cultural differences. d. all of the above.

D

Mental retardation is caused by a. difficulties during childbirth. b. drug or alcohol abuse by pregnant women. c. genetic disorders. d. all of the above.

D

Mildly retarded adults are often able to a. read and do arithmetic. c. take care of themselves. b. hold jobs. d. do all of the above.

D

Studies have found that intelligence ___ with older adults. a. increases c. rises b. plateau's d. decreases

D

_______________and ____________________ both have some influence over a person's level of intelligence.

Heredity, environment

What is the difference between intelligence and achievement?

Intelligence is the capacity to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal with the environment. Achievement is what happens when intelligence is applied. Achievement is the specific knowledge and skills gained from experience.

Daniel Goleman argues that ______________ intelligence is just as important as mental abilities.

emotional

A person who exhibits extraordinary skill in a particular field, yet has mental retardation is said to be a. a savant. c. creative. b. gifted. d. a prodigy.

A

A safe and well organized ___ influences intelligence. a. home environment c. bedroom b. heredity d. school environment

A

According to Gardner, people's ability to articulate and express themselves is their ___ intelligence. a. verbal c. interpersonal b. visual d. naturalist

A

One of the main purposes of intelligence tests is to a. identify people with very low and very high IQs. b. determine the types of intelligences a person has. c. identify different factors that make up intelligence. d. determine if a test is culturally biased.

A

Parent's who are emotionally and verbally responsive to their child's needs have a ___ influence on intellectual functioning. a. positive c. negative b. negligible d. limited

A

The Wechsler scales consist of subtests that measure a. verbal and performance skills. c. intelligence quotient. b. quantitative and verbal skills. d. knowledge of three subject areas.

A

The ability that comes from emotional intelligence that allows one to think about something else for a little while until he can sort out the details of a situation is called _____. a. impulse control. c. mood management. b. people skills. d. self-motivation.

A

This theory of intelligence was promoted by Charles Spearman. a. Two-Factor Theory c. Theory of Multiple Intelligences b. Theory of Mental Capacity d. Emotional Intelligence Theory

A

Charles Spearman labeled a person's general intelligence the ________ factor.

g

The Stanford-Binet test yields a score that measures a person's ____________________.

intelligence quotient

Number that represents the relationship between mental age and chronological age.

intelligence quotient or IQ

A measurement based on whether an intelligent assessment gives highly similar scores every time it is used.

reliability

Intelligence tests must meet these two criteria in order to be scientifically accurate.

reliability and validity

Psychologist Robert Sternberg described a ________, or three-level, model of intelligence.

triarchic

Having an IQ score at or below 70's the technical definition of a. mental retardation. c. mild retardation. b. profound retardation. d. gifted.

A

The majority of intelligence tests are given to a. infants. c. young children. b. teenagers. d. adults.

C

Constant supervision and care is required for people who are a. severely retarded. c. moderately retarded. b. mildly retarded. d. all of the above.

A

What is an IQ?

An IQ is a number that reflects the relationship between a person's mental age and chronological age.

People with IQs __________ or above are considered gifted.

130

The verbal subtest of the Wechsler Scale measures everything EXCEPT a. arithmetic. c. digit symbol. b. vocabulary. d. similarities.

C

Describe the ways in which environmental factors, including the home environment, styles of parenting, and schooling can contribute to high levels of intelligence in children.

Although heredity plays a large part in intelligence, a stable home life and effective parenting and teaching also are important. A well organized and safe home environment contributes to high levels of intellectual functioning in children. Parents can also encourage a child's intellectual development. Parents who are emotionally and verbally responsive to their children's needs encourage intellectual growth. Also important are providing enjoyable educational toys, involvement in the children's activities, making sure that children have varied daily experiences during the preschool years, and encouraging children to be independent. Preschool programs also develop intelligence and prepare children for school. Programs such as Head Start introduce children to books, word and number games, and educational toys in a school setting. Studies have shown that preschool programs increase IQ scores. Participating students are also more likely to show high levels of achievement as well.

A child with an IQ score that ranges from 50-70 will have a. Down's Syndrome. c. difficulty communicating. b. difficulty learning how to walk and talk. d. all of the above.

B

Any test score that has been changed from a raw score in a systematic way is a(n) a. altered score. c. modified score. b. transformed score. d. transmuted score.

B

Children who's parents are not involved in their activities show ___ of intelligence. a. higher levels c. minimal levels b. lower levels d. advanced levels

B

Emotional intelligence includes all of the following EXCEPT a. self-awareness. c. impulse control. b. creativity. d. self-motivation.

B

Kinship studies were conducted to identify ___ influencing intelligence. a. peer group factors c. environmental factors b. genetic factors d. education factors

B

Intrapersonal intelligence refers to a. ability to empathize with other people. b. how well a person communicates his or her feelings and emotions. c. how well a person knows his or her own feelings and emotions. d. how well a person can see visual-spatial relationships.

C

Kinship studies have shown that the groups with the most similar IQ scores were a. parents and children. c. identical twins. b. brothers and sisters. d. fraternal twins.

C

People with ___ retardation can barely communicate. a. mild c. profound b. severe d. moderate

C

Robert Sternberg's model of intelligence includes a. emotional intelligence. b. g factors and s factors. c. analytical, creative, and practical abilities. d. nine distinct primary mental abilities.

C

Sternberg's creative intelligence is the ability to a. identify with one's sense of self. c. think divergently and be innovative. b. see visual-spatial relationships. d. respond to emotional stimuli.

C

The Wechsler Scales are primarily used to identify the existence of any a. developmental issues. c. learning disability. b. mental handicap. d. emotional disability.

C

The ability to accomplish everyday tasks. a. analytic intelligence c. practical intelligence b. creative intelligence d. interpersonal intelligence

C

The ability to invent new solutions to problems or to create original material. a. savant c. creativity b. gifted d. retardation

C

Head Start programs have been found to increase a. achievement test scores. c. academic skills. b. IQ scores. d. all of the above.

D

Spearman theorized that there are two factors to intelligence: the g factor of general intelligence and the s factor for the specific skills that people possess. Which of the following would be an example of an activity that falls into the g factor? a. Being good at basketball. b. Controlling a reaction to a frustrating situation. c. Playing the piano. d. Problem solving to complete the math section of the SAT exams.

D

___ provide enriched experienced for young children. a. Reading and singing c. Grant programs b. Educational toys d. Preschool programs

D

A child who is gifted but not motivated will still be able to fully develop his or her talent.

False

A person's intelligence is determined from birth.

False

By definition, highly creative people are highly intelligent.

False

Encouraging children to make decisions and solve problems reduces intellectual functioning.

False

Ice-skaters probably have a highly developed visual-spatial intelligence.

False

Most intelligence tests are invalid.

False

Studies have shown that styles of parenting do not influence the development of intelligence.

False

_______ people are more likely to be more creative than people of average intelligence.

Gifted

How are giftedness and creativity related?

Giftedness is not the same as creativity, but the two are often linked. Research suggests that highly intelligent people are more likely than the average person to be creative. But this is not always true. Gifted people can show average creativity. Savants, who are of below average intelligence, are extremely creative.

Describe the characteristics of people with mental retardation. Describe the abilities of people at the four levels of retardation.

People with mental retardation have IQ scores of 70 or below. People with mental retardation have problems in communicating, taking care of themselves, social skills, use of leisure time, traveling, self-direction, personal hygiene, job training, and work. The severity of mental retardation varies from mild to profound. The majority of children with retardation are mildly retarded. Such children have trouble learning to walk, talk, and feed themselves. But as adults most can read, do arithmetic, take care of themselves, and hold down jobs. They may need occasional help in stressful situations. People with moderate retardation can learn to speak, take care of their own grooming and hygiene, work in supportive conditions, travel alone to familiar places, and take part in recreation. Most cannot read or solve math problems. People with severe and profound retardation require constant supervision. People with severe retardation may understand and respond to speech and perform some routine daily tasks. Profoundly retarded people can barely communicate or feed or dress themselves. Submitted

How does the intellectual functioning of older people show that environment plays a role in intelligence?

Studies have shown that an older person's intelligence level can decline. Some of this has to do with biological changes. But such environmental factors as level of income, level of education, job experience, and other environmental factors can help older people maintain very high levels of intellectual functioning.

How do test reliability and test validity differ?

The reliability of a test is its ability to yield consistent results time after time. Test validity is its ability to measure what it is supposed to measure.

A child's mental age may not be the same as his or her chronological age.

True

Although creativity is part of giftedness, the two are not always linked.

True

An IQ test is not the only indication of mental retardation or giftedness.

True

An overemphasis on heredity can undermine a parents and educators efforts to help children learn.

True

At some time in their lives, most Americans will take some type of intelligence test.

True

Genetic factors give a person a range of intellectual possibilities that the environment influences.

True

Head Start was designed to give economically disadvantaged children a better start in school.

True

Intelligence makes achievement possible by giving people the ability to learn.

True

People skills helps us to get along with others.

True

People with profound retardation are dependent on other people for their care throughout their lives.

True

Practical intelligence is the ability to know what to do if your wallet gets stolen.

True

Providing enjoyable and educational toys to children will contribute to high levels of intellectual functioning.

True

Psychologists transform raw scores so that results can be compared easily.

True

Which is an intelligence test that would commonly be used for a student who seems to have trouble learning new words in school?

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Knowledge and skills gained from experience

achievement

Intellectual level at which a person is functioning

mental age

A savant is a person who has ____________________ yet who also exhibits an extraordinary skill.

mental retardation

A person with ________ mental retardation usually can hold down a job and live independently.

mild