chapter 9: international migration

The Irish immigrants, mostly Catholics, also suffered severe discrimination in the U.S. that reached a peak in the mid-1850s, when the Anglo-Saxon Protestants sought dominance over other the New World. About 7 million Irish left Ireland for North America between the

1700s and 1920s

The first enslaved Africans were purchased in exchange for food from a Dutch-flagged ship in Jamestown in 1619. Because Native Americans and white indentured servants were being used for cheap labor, white-imposed African slavery did not mature until their labor was needed in around

1960

•On March 2, 1807, the "Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves" was passed. This federal law took effect in 1808, which officially ended slave trade, but slavery persisted until the end of the Civil War. The system of racism founded with slavery is unfortunately still engrained in the United States, and remains a major hurdle for

African Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities seeking socioeconomic success in America

Conversely, the numbers declined in fourteen other states due to decreases in unauthorized immigrants. They are

Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Mexico, New York and Oregon

•Around 98.5% of all the current residents of the United States are either immigrants to the U.S. or they are the descendants of immigrants to the U.S. In 2010, only about 1.5 percent of the U.S. population (4.2 million) did not identify themselves as immigrants to the U.S. or as descendants of immigrants. These were

American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians.

A young woman named _____________ •from County Cork, Ireland was the first immigrant to enter the U.S. from County Cork, Ireland.

Annie Moore

The Geary Act was more restrictive than the preceding immigration laws. It required Chinese to register and to secure a certificate as proof of their right to be in the United States. Those without their right of abode could be put into prison or deported back to

China.

Chinese Immigrants

Chinese Immigrants

•These large migrations led to a series of consequences for the world.

First, they led to the geographic redistribution of the global population. Second, the pressures of the population on land and resources in the Old World were relieved. Birth and death rates were delayed in those European countries with large emigration, while birth rates were high in the destination countries in Americas.

The next significant exclusionary legislation was the Chinese Exclusion Act renewed in 1892, prohibiting the coming of Chinese persons into the U.S. of May 1892. This was also known as the

Geary Act

Immigration to the United States

Immigration to the United States

A refugee/an asylee is someone who

Involuntarily emigrates from his or her native country to a (often neighboring) new country due to persecution, threat of violence, or extreme deprivation.

Mexican and Other South American Immigrants

Mexican and Other South American Immigrants

•The first really large stream of immigrants was from England, and they settled mainly in the present state of Virginia. Their first permanent settlement was Jamestown, established in 1607. They largely lived off tobacco crops. Later, the arrival of the pilgrims on Plymouth Rock in 1620 marked the beginning of a large migration stream of people moving to the

New World from mainly England for religious freedom

Other European Immigrants

Other European Immigrants

Patterns of World Immigration Over Time

Patterns of World Immigration Over Time

In 1598, Spaniards first came to what would later become the United States. They persecuted the indigenous peoples, and many remained permanently in the areas known today as the

Southwest and Florida

Where do the unauthorized immigrants reside in the United States?

Where do the unauthorized immigrants reside in the United States?

Zero Net International Migration

Zero Net International Migration

Regarding the volume of unauthorized immigrants worldwide, the International Organization for Migration estimates the number to be between 30 and 35 million persons, constituting around

around 15 percent or so of the estimated total number of 232 million international migrants

•Beginning in the 1980s, thousands of Chinese people have come to the United States each year. More than 911 thousand Chinese immigrants entered the US between 1980 and 2002. Today, there are around 4 million people living in the U.S. who identify themselves as Chinese, and over

around 4 million people living in the U.S. who term-64 identify themselves as Chinese, and over 60 percent of them were born in the U.S.

In every international migration, a migrant is simultaneously an immigrant and an emigrant. The residence establishment in the destination country is usually

at least one year, and this is referred to as long-term immigration. •Long-term immigrants comprised around 3.2% of the world's population in 2013.

The first modern humans began in sub-Saharan Africa about 195,000 years ago. By 35,000 years ago, humans were found "at

at opposite ends of Eurasia, from France to Southeast Asia and even Australia" (Goebel, 2007).

•Chinese immigration to the U.S. began with the start of the California Gold Rush in 1849. About 288,000 came during this time, entering through San Francisco, known to the Chinese as Old Gold Mountain (Jiu Jin Shan). The Chinese faced hostile discrimination, because many American workers were threatened by the low wages the Chinese were willing to take. As a result, Chinese immigration was eventually

banned into the U.S. between 1882 and 1965.

The economic arguments about the costs and benefits of international migration are

extensive, and they are complex and diverse.

There is some research showing how immigration can have a negative impact on the labor market. This would be the situation in industries or geographic areas with large concentrations of foreign workers; sometimes this results in

in "pressure on jobs and working conditions of the local labor force."

An estimated 2.5 million, or 22 percent, of all the unauthorized migrants in the United States in 2012 resided in California. Texas is the next leading state, with 1.7 million, and Florida is the third largest with 925 thousand

in California. Texas is the next leading state, with 1.7 million, and Florida is the third largest with 925 thousand

An "ethnic privileged" migrant is someone, who

is a descendent of a nation's ethnic core group, living outside of the mother-country for generations. They are entitled to the same legal rights as the citizens living in the "homeland."

•Currently, the largest numbers of immigrants to the United States are from certain Asian and Central American countries, particularly Mexico. Many Asians move directly into ethnic enclaves where they find

jobs and homes with people from their countries of origin.

Regarding social welfare costs, much depends on the degree to which immigrants depend on welfare. This varies from high levels in many Western European countries, sometimes higher than those of the

local people, to levels in other European countries and in Canada where the welfare dependence of immigrants is lower than that of citizens. Although immigrants to the United States, particularly in their early years in the new country, add to some welfare and education costs, the immigrants and their descendants eventually end up paying taxes that result in a net positive contribution.

•Between 1860 and 1910, persons living in the U.S. who were born elsewhere comprised between 13 and 15 percent of the country's population. The percentage began to decline in 1910, until around 1970. Between 1970 and 2010, the foreign born population increased from 9.6 million to almost 40 million. Population policies played a

major role in these trends.

A migrant from a former colony is someone who

moves from a decolonized country to its former imperial country seeking better living conditions.

The reliance on immigrants to populate the U.S. helped shape the development of an "exceptional America" (a term coined by Seymour Martin Lipset), because international migrants are a positively self-selected group; and they are usually more highly (economically) motivated than the average population of thei

origin countries.

The immigrant population is no longer temporary, seasonal, geographically concentrated, and predominantly male, but is now

rather long-term, urbanized, and geographically dispersed. The number of unauthorized Mexicans estimated to be residing in the United States in 2012 was about 5.9 million of the roughly 11.2 million total number of unauthorized immigrants, lower than the 6.8 million high in 2008.

It was after the 14th century that international migrations/invasions became transoceanic. Territorial exploration led by large naval expeditions played a

role in the dynamics of human migration to other parts of the unknown world. For example, the Portuguese started colonies in Africa; the Spaniards, English, Dutch, and French in the Americas; the Chinese in Southeast Asia; and the English in Australia and New Zealand

•The act allowed a quota of only 100 Chinese immigrants per year to move into the U.S., and lifted the ban against naturalization. Unfortunately, other various laws continued to restrict Chinese immigration, and the rights of the Chinese already in the U.S. They were confined to

segregated Chinatowns in major cities or in isolated regions in rural areas

•In response to a growing nativism, the 47th Congress on May 6, 1882 passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, suspending immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years. Only Chinese diplomats, merchants, and some students, as well as their dependents could enter the U.S., but the number was

small.

Mexican migration to the United States may be categorized into three major periods

the bracero (i.e., guest worker) period (1942 to 1964), the post-bracero period (1965 through 1986), and the post-IRCA (Immigration Reform and Control Act) period (1987 to the present).

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated there were 46.3 million refugees in the world in 2014. Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, Sudan, and South Sudan sent out the largest numbers of refugees, while Pakistan, Lebanon, Iran, Turkey and Jordan are the

the countries receiving the largest numbers

•There is a long-standing social, economic, and geographical relationship between the U.S. and Mexico. Millions of Mexicans immigrated to the U.S. from

the end of 1900s to the beginning of the 2000s.

The period following IRCA is known as the

the new era of migration

The bracero program (1942-1964) began as a response to the

the requirement for temporary agricultural labor. When the bracero program was terminated in 1964, around 200,000 of these guest workers lost their jobs, "leading to a buildup of social unrest."

Mexican migration slowed down, when the Immigration Act of 1924 gave preference to

to Northern and Western Europeans. Mexican immigrants ended up being deported in large numbers during the 1930s

Immigration rates, nevertheless, increased in the early 1990s and continued so until around 2010. Since 2010, the number of immigrants from Mexican began to

to decline, and net international migration from Mexican has actually become negative in recent years

Following the Jamestown settlement in 1607, (white) indentured servants and African slaves were brought to Jamestown to work in the

tobacco fields

Large numbers of Jews and political refugees fled Germany, and 20 million Eastern and Central Europeans were

uprooted from their homelands between Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s and the end of World War II.

•Both legal and undocumented international migrants to the U.S. are less likely to commit serious crimes and to be imprisoned, compared to the native U.S.-born population. Yet, immigrants have been perceived as "threats" in political and public discourse. Figure 9.2 (in the P&S textbook) shows the number and percentage of immigrants living in the United States from 1860 to 2010. The numbers, types and racial/ethnic composition of immigrants residing in the United States have

varied greatly over time

An economic migrant is someone who

voluntarily moves to live in a destination country for economic reasons, e.g., a better job.

Countries sending the next largest numbers of unauthorized immigrants to the United States in 2012 were

were El Salvador (675,000), Guatemala (525,000), India (450,000) and Honduras (350,000

An international migrant is unauthorized, when

•1) the person enters the U.S. unlawfully without inspection (EWIs); or 2) the migrant overstays the time limit of a legally obtained non-immigrant temporary visa" (visa overstays or visa overstayers.

In 2000, the United States had admitted more than

•10.5 million highly skilled immigrants, while losing just over 431 thousand graduates to other countries, for a net gain of 10 million.

The number declined to

•11.2 million in 2012. Mexico has maintained its position as the prime source of unauthorized immigrants to the U.S.

•Due to pro-immigration and the reduced cost of transcontinental transportation in the 1800s, the number of immigrants settling into the United States began to increase. The number of immigrants moving to the U.S. remained small till 1830. Between

•1821 and 1825 the average number of immigrants was about 8,000 each year. This figure dramatically increased to almost 21,000 between 1826 and 1830. The total number of immigrants rose to 2.2 million in the eight years between 1850-1857.

The estimated number of unauthorized migrants from Mexico to the United States grew from

•4.5 million in 2000 to 6.9 million in 2007 and then declined remarkably to 5.9 million in 2012.

The first international migration of humans are believed to have occurred about

•60,000 years ago. And we still see international migrations continuing to this day.

•By the time Ellis Island finally closed in 1954, more than 12 million immigrant steamship passengers had been processed into the United States.

•Around 40 percent of America's population in 2015 can traced its ancestry to immigrants who entered the U.S. through Ellis Island.

Besides the British, others who immigrated to the New World during the 1600s were the

•Dutch, Swedish, Scotch-Irish, and Germans.

Starting on January 1, 1892, many immigrants, mainly from Europe, were processed through the first federal immigration station on

•Ellis Island.

The unauthorized population increased in size in these seven states:

•Florida, Idaho, Maryland, Nebraska, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia.

The other top immigrant countries are from

•Latin America, Northern America and Asia. Only 12 percent of the U.S. foreign born population in 2010 was born in Europe.

The first major migration of Mexicans took place after the

•Mexican Revolution (1910).

Currently in the U.S., the size of EWIs and visa-overstayers is relatively equal, whereas previously, the majority of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. were EWIs, and most were from

•Mexico. It was estimate that in 2005, 25 to 40 percent of unauthorized immigrants were visa overstayers, and a majority of the rest were the so-called EWIs.

An opposite position is espoused by many organizations, arguing for reductions in the numbers of international immigrants. In the United States, two such bodies are

•Negative Population Growth (NPG) and the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR). FAIR argues that "unskilled newcomers hurt low-skilled U.S. workers, have negative environmental effects, and threaten established U.S. cultural values."

•In 2013, the number of foreign-born reached 46 million, the largest absolute number of immigrants ever recorded in the United States. Overall, the character of U.S. immigration was first based on

•Northern and Western Europeans; then it changed in the 1880s to one based on Southern and Eastern Europeans; and then changed in the late 1960s to one based on Latin Americans and Asians.

A most interesting fact is that most of the children of unauthorized immigrants are themselves legal residents. Nearly 4.5 million of the 5.5 million children of unauthorized immigrants in 2010 were born in the

•United States, and thus are themselves legal residents of the United States.

•The Chinese Exclusion Act was renewed in 1892, and was made permanent in 1902; it was not repealed until 1943. In 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Act to Repeal the Chinese Exclusion Acts because China and the United States were allies during

•World War II.

The geographic distribution of races has also changed dramatically. By 1930 about

•about one-third of all whites no longer lived in Europe, and more than one-fifth of all blacks no longer lived in Africa. •Since the 1930s, there have been several major international migration movements with most migrants being refugees and asylum seekers.

Zero net international migration is at least theoretically possible. This has always been the intent behind temporary worker programs - whether in Europe or in the Middle East or in the Persian Gulf. Workers are

•are allowed to enter the country for a specified period of time and then later are expected to return to their homelands.

•Mexicans are seeking better working conditions and higher wages, like most other newcomers to the United States. Nevertheless, they are also subjected to the same discrimination as the earlier immigrant groups. Americans of Mexican descent vary in their levels of assimilation, based mostly on how long they or their

•assimilation, based mostly on how long they or their ancestors have been in the United States.

The U.S. Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, particularly the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, began a new period of Chinese immigration. These new laws restored many of the

•basic rights denied earlier to Chinese Americans.

In Europe, the major destination countries used to be the

•be the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, but in the 1990s, these countries introduced strict immigration laws. The unauthorized immigrant streams then moved south to Italy, Spain, and Portugal.

"The sudden reversal of a long trend of growth in the number of Mexican unauthorized immigrants probably results from

•both a marked decline in new arrivals and an increase in departures from the U.S. back to Mexico."

International migration has both

•both positive and negative impacts upon the areas of origin and areas of destination countries.

Later, a migration of a population to a new territory was usually preceded by an invasion of armies. An example could be found in the raiding activities by the

•by the Scandinavian pirates (the Norse or Vikings) in England, Ireland and France between 800 and 1066 AD.

•when WWII, ended about 3 million Japanese were returned by decree to Japan from other Asian nations. In 1947, more than 7 million Muslims fled from India to Pakistan, and a

•comparable number of Hindus, from Pakistan to India, after the partitioning of India in 1947 into India and Pakistan. •In 1948, thousands of Palestinians were displaced from the territory that is now Israel.

However, this assumption is largely inaccurate, because the impact of the immigration and emigration movements is much more

•complex in reality.

These concerns and others resulted in the passage of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), which in turn contributed to the

•decline of undocumented migration with stricter employer sanctions, tougher border control and amnesty granted to the long-term residents of the United States.

Because of World War I, immigration numbers fell off considerably in the latter years of the 1910s. Population policies were passed in the 1920s that seriously restricted immigration to the U.S., especially immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe. The numbers of foreign-born persons in the U.S. began

•declining in 1930 (Figure 9.2), reaching lows of less than 10 million in 1960 and 1970 (Figure 9.4).

Tourists and visitors are

•different from international migrants, because their visits to another country is usually short-term; their visits do not involve establishing permanent residence in the destination country.

•The Germans were the largest non-British and non-English-speaking immigrants to come to the America. Because of their cultural and linguistic differences, Germans were among the first European immigrant groups to experience

•discrimination by earlier settlers.

The geographical distribution of the unauthorized immigrant population in the United States became more

•diversified between 2000 and 2012.

These early dominant immigrant groups in the 1600s and 1700s established the main context and foundation of American society. English was the

•dominant language, and English culture was the major norm.

International migrations/invasions could also involve the enslavement and forced migration of the defeated peoples to the land of the conquerors. For example,

•during the 5th century BC, living in Athens were about 75,000 to 150,000 slaves from both Africa and Asia, representing about 25 to 35 percent of Athens' population.

International migrants are often categorized as either

•either legal or illegal, authorized or unauthorized and undocumented.

The largest intercontinental slave migration in recorded human history occurred between 1650 and the 1800s. Around 9.6 million (11 million if we count those who died during the sea voyages)

•enslaved Africans were brought to the New World involuntarily.

Evidence shows little competition in these and in many other types of jobs between immigrants and the local residents. Immigrants are often the first ones to be

•fired, and they are also "found to earn less than local workers in comparable jobs."

How modern humans went about colonizing "these and other drastically different environments during the intervening 160,000 years is one of the

•greatest untold stories in the history of humankind" (Goebel, 2007).

Several immigration regulations were then placed into effect. Only a person with family ties to a

•green card holder was allowed to work in the United States.

Net international migration and natural increase (the difference between births and deaths) are the demographic processes that determine the amount of

•growth or decline in a nation's population.

There is a real economic gain for many countries in admitting skilled workers. Of all the developed countries, the United States has

•has gained the most with respect to attracting skilled immigrants.

As a result, the total number of person-years for each cohort of immigrants entering at a given age or time could be quite substantial. For instance, if

•if 200,000 persons immigrate to the United States at age 15, stay for fifty years, and then depart at age 65, this one cohort of 200,000 persons will have lived in the U.S. for more than 9.5 million person-years.

•Other entry stations were located in Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, San Francisco, Savannah, Miami, Galveston, and New Orleans. The immigration Act of 1924 began establishing

•immigration quotas to the U.S.

•Figure 9.4 (in the P&S textbook) shows the numbers of the foreign-born population of the U.S., from 1960 to 2010, according to their major regions of birth. In 1960, three-quarters of the U.S. foreign-born were born in

•in Europe. By 2010, the European percentage had declined to only 12 percent. In 1850s and 1860s, over 90 percent of the foreign-born persons in the U.S. were born in Northern and Western Europe.

International migration is a geographical movement involving a change

•in residence that crosses the boundaries of two or more countries.

In recent decades, the number of long-term immigrants has i

•increased dramatically, from 75 million in 1964, to 120 million in 1990, to 190 million in 2006, to 232 million in 2013.

Millions of migrants living outside their countries of birth send billions of dollars home each year. The total amount of remittances worldwide has risen from just under $200 billion USD in 2000 to $511 billion USD in 2013. These remittances are

•indispensable for the economic survival of many developing countries. They help raise investment capital, develop businesses, and reduce poverty in migrants' origin countries.

Some hold that international migration to the United States is

•is too large, and they thus argue for zero net international migration. The proponents of negative population growth (NPG) claim that the U.S. should place a ceiling on annual immigration so that it is balanced by emigration, and thus will not contribute to overall population growth.

The most frequent type of unauthorized international migration in almost every country of the world, except for the U.S., is

•is visa-overstayer.

In the 1970s, millions of Southeast Asians were uprooted owing to political and economic upheavals, resulting in one of the

•largest and most tragic refugee migrations in history. Ten million refugees migrated from what had been East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) to northern India in 1971. Subsequently, millions of Asians escaped from Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos into Thailand and elsewhere.

Figure 9.3 (in the P&S textbook) displays the percentage distribution of the foreign born population of the U.S. in 2010. Mexicans are the

•largest by far, at 29 percent. China is second with 5 percent and India and the Philippines are tied for third place with 4 percent each.

In 1750, European emigrants comprised less

•less than 3 percent of the population of the world; by 1930 they comprised 16 percent.

•Following the Soviet invasion in 1979, there were about 6.5 million Afghan refugees between 1988 and 1991 and another 5 million from the early 1990s to 2000 fleeing Afghanistan. By the early 2000s, about one in four Afghans were refugees. Lastly, the modern refugee era began at the end of the Cold War in around 1991 when

•many developing countries still engaged in violent conflicts after losing support from their superpower backers. Around 2001, there were 3.6 million Afghans found in Pakistan and Iran. In 2003, several million refugees fled Iraq due to the invasion by the United States.

Immigrants to the United States from developing countries have roughly twice as much education than their countrymen remaining at home: "An extreme case is that of Jamaica in 2000, when there were nearly

•nearly four times more Jamaicans with tertiary education in the U.S. than at home. [Also], more Ethiopian doctors are practicing in Chicago than in Ethiopia."

Recent surveys of U.S. residents point to increasing levels of negativity about immigrants. Many residents of big cities in the United States have

•negative views about immigration and immigrants, thinking they burden tax-supported services including schools and hospitals, while contributing to crime.

The passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act in 1965 opened up U.S. immigration to peoples from Latin America and Asia, so that by 2010 U.S. immigration was

•no longer defined by Europeans but by Latin Americans and Asians.

In many European countries that are today characterized by low levels of fertility and mortality, the contribution of net international migration to overall population change overshadows the contribution

•of natural increase.

Between the periods of 1880s and 1910s, Southern and Eastern Europeans defined U.S. immigration. By 1910, they comprised over 70 percent of persons entering the U.S. The foreign-born population of the U.S. in 1910 was now

•one-third Southern and Eastern European.

Immigration

•refers to the movement of people to a new country for the purpose of establishing permanent residence. •An immigrant is a person who crosses an international boundary with the intention to live permanently in a new country.

Emigration

•refers to the permanent departure of people from a country. •An emigrant is a person who moves away from a country with the intention of establishing a permanent residence elsewhere

In the United States, the estimated number of unauthorized immigrants grew from roughly

•roughly 3.5 million in 1990 to around 8.6 million in 2000 and to about 12.2 million in 2007.

Most unauthorized immigrants come from developing countries, and they tend to go to certain countries that

•serve as magnets for unauthorized immigrants. •In Africa, post-apartheid South Africa has become the major destination for unauthorized immigrants from other African countries.

•Regarding wages, some believe that even if immigrants do not take jobs from local workers, they will depress wages. Research from numerous studies in the U.S. and Europe is mixed, with most indicating little, if any depressing impact on local wages. Those showing negative effects of immigration on wages report a very

•small effect, on the order of -0.3 to -0.8 percent. One study found that a 10 percent increment in the number of immigrants has essentially a zero effect on the wages of nonimmigrant workers. Other analyses show that the presence of immigrants tends to increase local wages, especially those of the highly skilled.

•Immigrants of other countries are mostly migrant workers and seldom become citizens. For example, a country like the United Arab Emirates has 84% of the total population that is foreign born, but the migrants have very restrictive rights, and seldom become permanent immigrants. Compared to other countries, the United States receives the most immigrants of all the countries in the world in absolute numbers about 46 million, even though percentage wise (14% of the total population) the fraction is

•smaller than some other countries, e.g., UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, etc.

About 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, humans began to migrate out of Africa, first to southern Asia, China, Java, and later to Europe. Then they began migrating to the

•the Americas around 14,000 years ago. Since then, movements were often through land areas and short sea routes.

There are two basic perspectives on international migration: one permitting it, and one denying it. Organizations and bodies such as

•the Catholic Church and the World Bank argue for more and freer international migration because "people should not be confined to their countries of birth by national borders, and that more migration would speed economic growth and development in both sending and receiving countries."

The first major migration of Mexicans took place after

•the Mexican Revolution (1910).

There has been an increase in nativist sentiment in large part due to a stagnating economy, a perceived threat to national security, and the

•the mistaken belief that immigrants, especially Mexicans, are taking away jobs from the permanent residents, even though extensive criminological and sociological research indicates this is not true.

Remigration refers to the

•the return of international migrants back to their countries of origin.

Also, the immigrants to a country are always younger than the remigrants from that country. They likely enter in their

•their twenties and leave around in their sixties or older, when they reach the retirement ages.

An unauthorized immigrant is an international migrant who immigrates into a host country "through

•through irregular or extralegal channels" and has not been admitted by the host country for permanent residence, "and is not in a set of specific authorized temporary statuses permitting longer-term residence and work."

In Asia, most of the unauthorized immigrant streams go to

•to Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia.

A remigrant is an international migrant who returns back

•to re-establish permanent residence in his/her original country of residence.

Most analyses in Western Europe and the United States show very clearly that the impact of immigration on jobs and wages is

•weak or nonexistent. Immigrants often wind up in the "three D's jobs." i.e., the "dirty, difficult and dangerous (or demeaning) jobs...shunned by local workers."

Persons without such associations used undocumented migration as a means to gain U.S. employment. More and more Mexican immigrants were

•were women and children. Unauthorized migration also increased, because of the caps placed on migration from Europe.

•Immigrants can be categorized into four broad groups:

1. A refugee/an asylee 2. A migrant from a former colony 3. An economic migrant 4. An "ethnic privileged" migrant

•The largest period of European overseas migration occurred between 1840 and 1930, with about 52 million people emigrating primarily to North America. Intercontinental migration from Asia before World War II was smaller in scale

Asian Indians emigrated to British Guiana, East Africa, Fiji, Mauritius and Trinidad. Japanese and Filipino migrants moved to Hawaii; some Japanese to Brazil; and many Chinese to the United States.

Economic Effects of International Migration

Economic Effects of International Migration

•The 2013 ACS reported 33.3 million people in the United States claiming Irish ancestry. The Irish are the second largest ancestry group in the U.S. U.S. residents claiming Irish ancestry are almost six times larger in size than the

Republic of Ireland (4.6 million) and Northern Ireland (1.8 million).

•Between 1790 and 1860, the number of immigrants to the United States was almost 5 million, and most of them were from Europe. At the end of the 1800s, immigrants from some

Scandinavian countries also began moving into the U.S.

Unauthorized International Migration

Unauthorized International Migration

During the years of any migration movements, there will be considerable population increases in receiving countries, such as the

United States, and substantial population losses in sending countries, such as Mexico