Chapter 9 Minerals Nutrition test 5

How much calcium should a 25-year-old male or non-pregnant female consume daily? 800 mg 1,000 mg 1,200 mg 1,500 mg

1,000 mg

How much calcium should a 25-year-old male or non-pregnant female consume daily? 800 mg 1,000 mg 1,200 mg 1,500 mg

1,000 mg

Hematocrit is a direct measure of the amount of iron in hemoglobin. True False

False

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level is listed on supplement labels and is a good guide for determining if the supplement contains a potentially toxic amount. True False

False

The best way for athletes to offset any small to moderate losses of mineral through sweat or urine is to take a multimineral supplement. True False

False

When blood calcium concentration decreases, calcium is immediately provided by the demineralization of bone. True False

False

When the body is deficient in a mineral, it increases absorption of that mineral to 100 percent until the deficiency state is reversed. True False

False

While loss of bone calcium is prevalent in older women, older men rarely lose bone calcium. True False

False

Which period of time is associated with the most rapid loss of bone mass? Age 20 to 35 years Age 35 to 50 years First ten years after menopause After males are 65 years or older

First ten years after menopause

What two sports have the highest prevalence of athletes with low estrogen concentrations and/or amenorrhea? Gymnasts and bodybuilders Gymnasts and distance runners Sprinters and distance runners Figure skaters and speed skaters

Gymnasts and distance runners

Which form of iron is best absorbed? Heme Non-heme Iron found in milk Iron found in vegetables

Heme

What is the potential problem with consuming excess supplemental zinc? Anorexic (appetite suppressing) effect Increase in urinary tract infections Interference with iron absorption Excessive bruising

Interference with iron absorption

Supplementation can interfere with the absorption of iron and copper.

Zinc

A dietary source of chromium is ____. leafy green vegetables milk meat beer

beer

Bone-forming cells are known as ____. osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes chondrocytes

osteoblasts

The nutrient that enhances iron absorption is ____. copper potassium sodium vitamin C

vitamin C

The mineral most closely associated with proper immune function is ____. zinc sodium calcium selenium

zinc

What is the recommended daily dose of supplemental zinc? 10 mg 15 mg 30 mg 40 mg

15 mg

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for calcium for adults younger than 50? 2,000 mg 2,500 mg 3,000 mg Not yet established

2,500 mg

At what age does peak trabecular bone mineral density occur (assume adequate calcium intake)? 10 to 20 years 20 to 30 years 30 to 40 years After age 40

20 to 30 years

How many minerals have been identified as essential? 9 15 21 27

21

If an adult consumes 1,000 mg of calcium daily, what is the estimated average amount absorbed from the intestinal tract? 800 mg 600 mg 500 mg 300 mg

300 mg

Normal hematocrit is defined as ____. 30% for women; 35% for men 42% for women; 45% for men 14 g/dl for women; 15 g/dl for men 12-16 g/dl for both women and men

42% for women; 45% for men

What is the average daily intake of dietary calcium for adult women? 350 mg 500 mg 650 mg 800 mg

650 mg

How does the dietary intake of zinc by endurance athletes typically compare to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)? About 10 percent meet the DRI About 40 percent meet the DRI About 75 percent meet the DRI About 90 percent meet the DRI

About 10 percent meet the DRI

Which athlete is likely to have above-normal bone mineral density? Amenorrheic gymnast Amenorrheic distance runner Distance swimmer Sprint swimmer

Amenorrheic gymnast

A low intake during childhood and adolescence can reduce peak bone mineral density by as much as 5 to 10 percent.

Calcium

A symptom of toxicity of which mineral can result in the development of kidney stones? Calcium Iron Chloride Boron

Calcium

Athletes should not use the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) because most athletes experience large losses of minerals in sweat, blood, or urine. True False

False

Many adults take in too little dietary calcium, but high-dose calcium supplements after the age of 50 can compensate for low peak bone mineral density. True False

False

Multimineral supplements have been carefully formulated and tested to make sure that the amounts contained do not interfere with absorption. True False

False

Menstruation in female athletes can cause a deficiency.

Iron

Which of the following is classified as a trace mineral? Phosphorus Magnesium Sulfur Iron

Iron

What is myoglobin? Storage form of hemoglobin Transport form of hemoglobin Iron-containing protein found in the liver Iron-containing protein found in muscle fibers

Iron-containing protein found in muscle fibers

Why is iron not well absorbed from the intestinal tract? Most people consume too much iron on a daily basis. The physiological roles involving iron are limited and are of minor importance. Overabsorption of iron has potentially harmful physiological effects. Most people don't have the enzymes needed to absorb iron, especially as they age.

Overabsorption of iron has potentially harmful physiological effects.

Combines with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals in bones.

Phosphorus

Concern has been raised about high dietary consumption.

Phosphorus

Which of the following is true regarding athletes and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)? Lack of exercise increases risk for URTI. Moderate exercise decreases risk for URTI. Prolonged exercise increases risk for URTI. Any type of exercise decreases risks for URTI.

Prolonged exercise increases risk for URTI.

Toxicity can result in brittle hair and nails.

Selenium

When deficient, there is less proliferation of lymphocytes, immunoglobin production is decreased, and the ability to kill pathogens is reduced.

Selenium

What effect does adequate calcium intake have on loss of calcium from bone in the time period between attainment of peak bone mineral density and menopause? Increases bone density Stops the loss of bone calcium Slows the loss of bone calcium No effect on bone calcium

Slows the loss of bone calcium

What is false anemia? Iron-deficiency anemia in athletes Anemia associated with training at high altitudes Temporary decrease in hemoglobin due to endurance training Change in hematocrit due to blood doping

Temporary decrease in hemoglobin due to endurance training

What is the role of myoglobin? To store excess iron when iron storage in the liver reaches full capacity To bind oxygen within skeletal muscle to facilitate rapid oxygen utilization To bind excess iron in the GI tract to help prevent overconsumption To facilitate the transfer of oxygen from the lungs into the blood

To bind oxygen within skeletal muscle to facilitate rapid oxygen utilization

A sub-clinical deficiency progresses over a long period of time with no visible symptoms. True False

True

Adequate mineral intake for athletes is generally associated with adequate caloric intake. True False

True

Amenorrhea in female athletes is associated with low estrogen secretion that results in reduced bone mineral density. True False

True

Bone primarily consists of calcium and phosphorus. True False

True

Calcium and iron compete with each other for absorption. True False

True

Calcium metabolism is under substantial hormonal control. True False

True

Excretion of minerals is usually low. True False

True

Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein. True False

True

In the U.S., clinical mineral deficiencies are typically limited to iron and calcium. True False

True

Iron-deficiency anemia negatively affects performance. True False

True

Many minerals have similar chemical properties and compete with each other for absorption. True False

True

Minerals are usually absorbed better when food is present in the gastrointestinal tract. True False

True

Some young adult amenorrheic distance runners and ballerinas may have osteopenia and osteoporosis, conditions generally associated with older women. True False

True

Supplemental zinc can interfere with the absorption of iron and copper. True False

True

The majority of women in the U.S. consume an insufficient amount of dietary calcium. True False

True

There is some evidence that mineral loss may be greater in athletes than in the sedentary population. True False

True

Trabecular bone has a higher rate of metabolic activity and turnover than cortical bone. True False

True

When adequate calcium and iron are consumed from naturally occurring food sources, it is likely that the intake of other minerals is also adequate. True False

True

When iron-deficiency anemia is present, aerobic capacity declines and subsequently increases with iron supplementation. True False

True

When the body wants to limit iron absorption it can leave iron in mucosal cells and wait for those cells to die and slough off. True False

True

When lacking, could result in a higher incidence of colds due to a decreased immune system.

Zinc

The term bioavailability refers to ____. absorption only utilization only retention only absorption, utilization, and retention

absorption, utilization, and retention

The source of calcium during the process known as fast calcium exchange is ____. dissolution of bone blood plasma bone fluid liver calcium stores

bone fluid

A mineral that is under substantial hormonal control is ____. zinc iron calcium selenium

calcium

A symptom of toxicity of which mineral can result in impaired renal function? iron chloride calcium boron

calcium

The female athlete most likely to manifest iron-deficiency anemia is an athlete who ____. chronically restricts energy intake only eats three times per day is chronically dehydrated consumes a low-fiber diet

chronically restricts energy intake

A hip fracture in a 70-year-old woman most likely indicates ____. clinical deficiency of iron subclinical deficiency of iron clinical deficiency of calcium subclinical deficiency of calcium

clinical deficiency of calcium

Adequate mineral status is typically a reflection of ____. consumption of a variety of nutrient-dense foods, some of which are fortified a diet consisting of mostly protein-rich foods containing high amounts of minerals consumption of primarily non-meat foods use of mineral and vitamin supplements

consumption of a variety of nutrient-dense foods, some of which are fortified

Synthesis of hemoglobin is dependent on which of the following microminerals? iodine zinc selenium copper

copper

The micromineral that is necessary for the conversion of iron from its storage to its transport form is ____. copper magnesium sodium zinc

copper

The amount of any nutrient absorbed from food depends on whether the body is in a state of ____. deficiency homeostasis toxicity anemia

deficiency

The male athlete most likely to manifest iron-deficiency anemia is a(n) ____. strength athlete engaging in high volume resistance training wrestler who "makes weight" by dehydrating "stop and go" athlete endurance runner

endurance runner

Blood cells whose primary function is the transport of oxygen are called ____. hemoglobin leukocytes platelets erythrocytes

erythrocytes

An important physiological role for chromium is that it enhances ____. oxygen uptake and transport insulin sensitivity calcium uptake and helps to stabilize blood calcium levels the conversion of alcohol to stored body fat

insulin sensitivity

The mineral predominantly found in hemoglobin is ____. calcium iron zinc selenium

iron

The most prevalent clinical mineral deficiencies in industrialized countries are ____. sodium and potassium boron and selenium iodine and zinc iron and calcium

iron and calcium

The most common type of nutritional anemia is ____. megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency pernicious anemia due to lack of vitamin B12 absorption iron-deficiency anemia

iron-deficiency anemia

Excretion of minerals is generally ____. zero low moderate high

low

Absorption of minerals is generally ____. low and well regulated low and unpredictable high and well regulated high and unpredictable

low and well regulated

The two factors that best explain the increased risk for osteoporosis in elite female distance runners are ____. age and poor diet African-American heritage and poor diet family history and low estrogen low caloric intake and low estrogen

low caloric intake and low estrogen

Many distance runners have low bone density, which is most likely due to ____. high caloric intake low energy availability weight-bearing activities always tend to decrease bone mineral density a clinical mineral deficiency

low energy availability

A good source of zinc is ____. table salt mushrooms meat green leafy vegetables

meat

Insoluble fiber, such as wheat, decreases absorption of calcium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc because ____. they bind with minerals blocking absorption of a decreased transit time of an increased transit time of the increased permeability of the GI tract

of a decreased transit time

Hematocrit is defined as the ____. percentage of total plasma volume composed of red blood cells amount of red blood cells in total plasma volume percentage of total plasma volume composed of hemoglobin amount of hemoglobin and myoglobin in the blood plasma

percentage of total plasma volume composed of red blood cells

For adults, the most common bone-related process is ____. calcification growth remodeling modeling

remodeling

Prime examples of minerals that act as electrolytes and help to maintain body fluid balance are ____. calcium, iron, and phosphorus sodium, potassium, and chloride iodine, manganese, and selenium copper, zinc, and fluorine

sodium, potassium, and chloride

The potential problem with mineral supplements with high bioavailability is that ____. the excess absorption they bind a large percentage of the dietary fiber they result in too great an increase in transit time the potential for dehydration

the excess absorption

The two most likely sources of larger-than-normal mineral losses in athletes are ____. urine and sweat urine and feces sweat and feces sweat and gastrointestinal bleeding

urine and sweat

The hormone that influences proper osteoclastic activity is ____. insulin epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) vitamin D (calcitrol)

vitamin D (calcitrol)