Chapter 9- Motivation & Emotion

Noor and Ahmad, four-year-old twins, are shopping with their mother. She offers to buy them each a small cookie now or a large toy later if they are good during the shopping trip. Noor takes the cookie, but Ahmad waits for the toy. Based on this, who will be more successful in high school?

Ahmad, because he can delay gratification

Winona has difficulty determining how fearful someone is based on the person's facial expressions. Her friends worry that she can no longer process the emotional significance of stimuli due to brain damage and think there is a problem with Winona's:

amygdala.

Lisa does not like going to her sister Megan's piano recitals, but she finds that if she forces herself to smile during the recital, she will ________, as predicted by the ________.

begin to feel happy; facial-feedback hypothesis

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine, but she really does not like to work out. If she decides to use incentives to motivate her exercising behavior, which of the following is Shana most likely to do?

buy herself a new pair of shoes after exercising every day for two weeks

When Ellen learns that her roommate will be an international student from Britain, she is worried that her roommate will be stiff and reserved. Ellen is surprised when Diana turns out to be upbeat and friendly. Diana's behavior goes against Ellen's beliefs about how people from Britain express emotions and has violated her:

cultural display rules.

People from a variety of cultures are able to look at facial expressions and identify emotions like happiness and surprise. This evidence that facial expressions for emotions are universal suggests that:

facial expression of emotions is biologically built in.

Maya finds her customer service job to be frustrating and stressful. She tells her friend Jeff about her negative experience at work, and he tells her to force herself to smile while she is at work, an idea he learned in his psychology class. When Maya tries smiling at work, she finds her job less frustrating and even begins to enjoy it some days. The idea that Jeff shared with Maya is most likely the:

facial-feedback hypothesis

Upon visiting his doctor, Ted is surprised to learn he has a brain tumor. This may explain why Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have a tumor in the part of his brain called the:

hypothalamus.

Gertrude is close to finishing her degree in biology and was offered several good jobs in her field. However, Gertrude decides that her real dream is to become a carpenter. She quits school and becomes a very happy and successful carpenter. According to Maslow, Gertrude:

is self-actualized.

After finishing elementary school, Mia moved to a new school district for middle school. Almost none of her friends from elementary school came with her to the new school. She feels anxious and quickly joins an after-school club. What motive may be driving Mia's behavior?

need to belong

Evolutionarily, children were more likely to remain with adults who would protect them. In addition, humans were most successful at survival when they shared food and resources. In order to increase the odds of survival, groups of people cooperated with each other. A fundamental motive that has evolved from these behaviors is our:

need to belong.

Antoinette is a real risk taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their:

optimal levels of arousal.

Terry's home was destroyed in a hurricane. It is hard to find food, so he is constantly hungry. However, he feels lucky because his family survived and he is together with his loved ones. According to Maslow's theory, Terry's ________ needs are not met, but his ________ needs are being met.

physiological; belonging

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life. During her pregnancy, she gained 25 pounds. After having her baby, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. For Ruth, 130 pounds is a(n) ________, and her body went back to it through the process of ________.

set point; homeostasis

You are walking through the jungle and you see a huge snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

you are shaking and you are afraid simultaneously