Chapter 9 Nutrition

In order to increase the amount of iron absorbed from a meal, you would: a. consume tea as a beverage with the meal. b. eat a calcium-rich food with the meal .c. consume orange juice as a beverage with a meal. d. avoid eating foods rich in vitamin C with the meal. e. drink plenty of coffee before each meal.

.c. consume orange juice as a beverage with a meal.

It is necessary to supplement your diet with inositol and carnitine. a. True b. False

False

The percentage of dietary iron normally absorbed is about: a. 10-15%. b. 25-50%. c. 35-65%. d. . 70-80%. e. 90-100%.

a. 10-15%.

What is the minimum amount of urine the body must excrete each day to remove waste products? a. 500 mL b. 700 mL c. 1000 mL d. 2300 mL e. 3000 mL

a. 500 mL

Which of the following is true of phosphorus? a. It participates in the transfer of energy during cellular respiration. b. It is not necessary for growth. c. Only limited amounts are found with calcium in bones and teeth. d. It aids in blood glucose regulation. e. It is required for the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds

a. It participates in the transfer of energy during cellular respiration.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. a. True b. False

a. True

Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide. a. True b. False

a. True

There is a correlation between high salt intake in people and high rates of hypertension. a. True b. False

a. True

When selecting a vitamin-mineral supplement, choose one in which the nutrient levels are: a. at or very close to the RDA. b. all the same.c. at least 200 percent of the RDA. d. at least 300 percent of the RDA. e. at "therapeutic doses."

a. at or very close to the RDA.

Body sodium levels are largely regulated through: a. changes in intestinal absorption, depending on need. b. changes in fecal excretion. c. storage of excess sodium in the liver. d. excretion of excess potassium by the kidneys. e. excretion of excess sodium by the kidneys.

a. changes in intestinal absorption, depending on need.

Which of these foods are richest in potassium? a. fresh fruits and vegetables b. milk and dairy products c. meats and meat substitutes d. bread and cereals e. fatty fish

a. fresh fruits and vegetables

In the U.S., low iron intake is often associated with: a. high sugar and fat intakes. b. high protein intake. c. low carbohydrate intake. d. low intake of fruits and vegetables. e. pregnancy.

a. high sugar and fat intakes.

Which of the following is a trace mineral? a. iron b. sulfur c. calcium d. potassium e. magnesium

a. iron

The leading cause of accidental ingestion fatalities among children is an overdose of: a. iron. b. vitamin D. c. zinc.d. niacin.e. vitamin C.

a. iron.

The best food sources of magnesium include: a. legumes, whole grains, and chocolate. b. milk, rice, and apples. c. oranges, beef, and cheese. d. oils, bananas, and pork. e. pizza, potatoes, and tomatoes.

a. legumes, whole grains, and chocolate.

The hallucinations commonly experienced during withdrawal from alcohol intoxication are believed to be due to a deficiency of: a. magnesium. b. phosphorus. c. iron. d. calcium.

a. magnesium.

An important function of chloride in the body is to: a. maintain fluid balance. b. regulate metabolism. c. develop bone cells. d. control blood glucose levels. e. regulate blood pressure.

a. maintain fluid balance.

Electrolytes in the body function to: a. maintain fluid balance. b. stimulate enzyme action. c. synthesize protein. d. maintain the health of cell membranes. e. increase cell division.

a. maintain fluid balance.

People who regularly take prescription drugs such as steroids and diuretics are at risk for a deficiency of: a. potassium. b. chloride. c. iodine. d. selenium. e. calcium.

a. potassium.

In many people, chronic high intakes of which of the following can raise blood pressure? a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. phosphorus e. zinc

a. sodium

Amino acids containing which of the following minerals help to form the shape of proteins? a. sulfur b. sodium c. phosphorous d. selenium e. iron

a. sulfur

Which of the following enhances calcium absorption from the GI tract? a. vitamin D b. vitamin Cc. proteind. linoleic acid e. intrinsic factor

a. vitamin D

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys; also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations.

aldosterone

a hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to high salt concentrations in the blood; the kidneys respond by reabsorbing water.

antidiuretic hormone

According to the DRI committee, the adequate intake for total water for a female is: a. 2 cups per day. b. 2.7 L per day. c. 3.7 L per day. d. 24 ounces per day. e. 3.5 gallons per day.

b. 2.7 L per day.

Bluish lips and fingertips are a sign of mild dehydration (loss of <5% of body weight). a. True b. False

b. False

The best advice to give a healthy person eating a typical diet who is considering a supplement to improve his health is: a. Choose a supplement that has been approved by the FDA. b. Spend your money on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, and milk products instead. c. Buy supplements that have the USP symbol on the label for assurance of safety and effectiveness. d. Choose a supplement that contains the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for maximum effectiveness. e. Choose a "natural" or "organic" supplement.

b. Spend your money on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, and milk products instead.

Heart failure related to potassium loss may occur: a. with diets low in fresh fruits and vegetables. b. as a result of severe diarrhea. c. in persons with diabetes. d. due to an excessive intake of protein. e. when people are also deficient in calcium.

b. as a result of severe diarrhea.

Of the foods listed, the best source of phosphorus is: a. tofu. b. chicken. c. noodles. d. lettuce. e. pears.

b. chicken.

In which of the following is water the least involved? a. regulating body temperature. b. converting lipids to amino acids. c. serving as a solvent for minerals and vitamins. d. acting as a lubricant around joints. e. maintaining blood volume

b. converting lipids to amino acids.

Which of the following foods is low in sodium? a. pickles b. fresh carrots c. processed cheese d. bologna

b. fresh carrots

Calcium is found in the most abundance in: a. dark green vegetables. b. milk. c. meats. d. cereal grains. e. soy products.

b. milk.

Which mineral is a principal component of cell membranes? a. iron b. phosphorus c. potassium d. iodine e. magnesium

b. phosphorus

Of the following, the mineral that is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet is: a. calcium. b. phosphorus. c. iron. d. iodine. e. sodium.

b. phosphorus.

Zinc is most abundant in foods with high amounts of which of the following? a. alcohol b. protein c. carbohydrate d. fate. antioxidants

b. protein

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to: a. provide energy for cells .b. provide rigidity for the bones. c. regulate the transmission of nerve impulses. d. regulate muscle contraction.e. reduce inflammation in the tissues.

b. provide rigidity for the bones.

Bones continuously gain and lose minerals. This ongoing process is called: a. reorganization. b. remodeling. c. reorienting. d. redesigning. e. demineralizing.

b. remodeling.

A good food source of iodine is: a. bananas. b. seafood. c. broccoli. d. pork. e. lettuce.

b. seafood.

The primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume is: a. chlorine. b. sodium. c. magnesium. d. potassium. e. calcium.

b. sodium.

What percentage of an adult's body is water? a. 30 b. 40 c. 60 d. 90 e. 100

c. 60

A person must have water in his or her diet: a. because the kidneys exert no control over the amount of water excreted in the urine. b. to prevent vitamin imbalances in the body. c. because the kidneys must excrete a minimum amount of water as urine to rid the body of wastes. d. in order to prevent water intoxication. e. in order to take in minerals.

c. because the kidneys must excrete a minimum amount of water as urine to rid the body of wastes.

The major negative ion of the extracellular fluid is: a. sodium. b. potassium. c. chloride. d. calcium. e. magnesium.

c. chloride.

A diabetes-like condition may develop when which of the following is lacking in the diet? a. iron b. zinc c. chromium d. molybdenum e. selenium

c. chromium

Which of the following would be least likely to cause a magnesium deficiency? a. vomiting b. diarrhea c. constipation d. alcohol abuse e. malnutrition

c. constipation

The best way to ensure an adequate intake of trace minerals is to: a. eat foods containing the major minerals. b. make sure your diet is sufficient in vitamins. c. consume a variety of foods. d. practice dietary adequacy. e. consume supplements.

c. consume a variety of foods.

Your client is asking for advice in choosing a supplement. Which of the following supplement preparations would you advise he choose? a. contains carnitine or inositol b. claims to be "high-potency" or a "therapeutic dose" c. contains a balance of vitamins and minerals d. claims to be "organic" or "natural" preparations with added substances e. contains 30 mg of iron per dose

c. contains a balance of vitamins and minerals

Fluoride seems to be helpful in preventing: a. cancer. b. diabetes. c. dental decay. d. heart disease. e. goiter.

c. dental decay.

30. The typical U. S. diet provides how much potassium? a. adequate b. excessive c. inadequate d. none e. It depends on the geographical location.

c. inadequate

Worldwide, the most common nutrient deficiency is: a. zinc deficiency. b. selenium deficiency. c. iron deficiency. d. iodine deficiency.e. magnesium deficiency.

c. iron deficiency.

Potassium: a. is directly necessary for protein synthesis in cells. b. protects bone structure against degeneration. c. is the body's principal electrolyte inside the cells. d. is necessary for wound healing. e. helps maintain gastric acidity.

c. is the body's principal electrolyte inside the cells.

Osteoporosis is found in: a. young women; they have porous and thin bones. b. older women; they have large bones. c. older women; they have porous, thin, and fragile bones. d. young children; they have bowed legs. e. men; they have thick bones.

c. older women; they have porous, thin, and fragile bones.

A person who is severely lacking in which of the following may experience a sulfur deficiency? a. carbohydrate b. fatty acids c. protein d. vitamins e. sodium

c. protein

Keshan disease is related to a deficiency of: a. fluoride. b. iodine. c. selenium. d. iron. e. chromium.

c. selenium.

Which of the following would be least likely to be associated with iodine deficiency? a. weight gain b. cretinism c. suffocation d. goiter e. mental retardation

c. suffocation

Which mineral is essential for wound healing? a. potassium b. sulfate c. zinc d. iodine e. chromium

c. zinc

In regard to caffeine, the DRI committee determined that: a. beverages that contain caffeine do not count toward meetings one's fluid needs. b. a person should not consume more than three cups of caffeine-containing beverages a day. c.caffeinated beverages contribute to daily total water intake similarly to non-caffeinated beverages. d.caffeine causes a net deficit of fluid in the body; therefore, caffeine-containing beverages should be avoided by athletes particularly. e.caffeinated beverages disrupt the acid-base balance in the body and should be avoided.

c.caffeinated beverages contribute to daily total water intake similarly to non-caffeinated beverages.

. The UL for sodium intake for adults is set at: a. 500 mg. b. 1200 mg. c. 1500 mg. d. 2300 mg. e. 3000 mg

d. 2300 mg.

Which of the following is the least likely reason that osteoporosis is more prevalent in women? a. Women consume less calcium. b. Women have lower bone mass. c. Women have smaller bodies. d. Bone loss begins later in women. e. Women lose more bone after menopause.

d. Bone loss begins later in women.

Which of the following is a cofactor for many enzymes, but can cause brain-disease-like toxicity symptoms if inhaled in dust? a. Copper b. Magnesium c. Molybdenum d. Manganese e . Fluoride

d. Manganese

Iron is important in the body because it is: a. needed for blood clotting. b. an integral part of bones and teeth. c. an antioxidant. d. an integral constituent of hemoglobin. e. necessary for digestion of protein.

d. an integral constituent of hemoglobin.

Which of the following is a poor food source of iron? a. dried fruits b. enriched cereals c. legumes d. cheese e. clams

d. cheese

Which of the following is a hormone secreted in response to elevated blood iron levels? a. transferrin b. ferritin c. hemosiderin d. hepcidin e. myoglobin

d. hepcidin

Pica is a behavior seen in some people who are deficient in: a. sodium. b. potassium. c. chromium. d. iron. e. sulfur.

d. iron.

When blood calcium falls too low, a regulatory system acts in three locations to raise it. Which of the following is one of those locations? a. stomach b. heart c. lungs d. kidneys e. brain

d. kidneys

Which of the following organ systems plays the primary role in maintaining acid-base balance? a. lungs b. skin c. GI tract d. kidneys e. lymphatic

d. kidneys

Which of the following would be least likely to increase blood calcium levels? a. increased absorption of calcium in the intestine. b. retention of calcium by the kidneys. c. release of calcium from the bones. d. manufacture of calcium from albumin. e. increased intake of calcium in the diet.

d. manufacture of calcium from albumin.

Magnesium's major functions in the body would be least likely to include which of the following? a. assisting the operation of hundreds of enzymes. b. synthesis of protein in the soft tissues. c. allowing muscles to relax after contraction. d. regulation of body temperature. e. regulation of immune system function.

d. regulation of body temperature.

Which of the following foods provide the least amount of bioavailable calcium? a. milk b. sardines c. cheddar cheese d. spinach e. turnip greens

d. spinach

Which of the following groups of people would have the lowest sodium intakes? a. those who avoid adding salt to their food b. those who exercise strenuously on a regular basis c. those who eat mostly processed foods d. those who eat mostly whole, unprocessed foods e. those on a low carbohydrate diet

d. those who eat mostly whole, unprocessed foods

Which of the following foods, food components or nutrients is least likely to contribute to iron deficiency? a. tannins b. calcium c. phytates d. vitamin C e. white rice

d. vitamin C

Which of the following situations would be least likely to necessitate intake of nutrient supplements in amounts consistent with the RDA? a. when your energy intake is low b. when you are a vegan c. when you have an illness that takes away your appetite d. when you depend primarily on grocery-store foods e. when you are pregnant

d. when you depend primarily on grocery-store foods

the loss of water from the body that occurs when water output exceeds water input.

dehydration

The hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water rather than excrete it is a. thyroxine. b. renin. c. cortisone. d. epinephrine. e. ADH.

e. ADH.

Which of the following provides the least amount of potassium? a. orange juice b. bananas c. potatoes d. broccoli e. cheese

e. cheese

Supplement users are more likely to have excessive intakes of: a. the B vitamins. b. iron, zinc, vitamin A, and niacin. c. vitamins A, D, E, and K. d. calcium, iron, vitamin C, and thiamin. e. folate, vitamin A, and vitamin C.

e. folate, vitamin A, and vitamin C.

Iron is a component of which of the following proteins, responsible for transport of oxygen in the bloodstream? a. myoglobin b. transferrin c. hemosiderin d. hepcidin e. hemoglobin

e. hemoglobin

The largest percentage of sodium in people's diets comes from: a. salt added during cooking. b. fresh fruits and vegetables. c. salt added at the table. d. the natural salt content of foods. e. salt added to foods by manufacturers.

e. salt added to foods by manufacturers.

The most reliable food source of chloride is: a. meats and whole-grain cereals. b. milk and milk products. c. dark green vegetables. d. drinking water. e. salt.

e. salt.

Which of the following body processes is not dependent upon the presence of calcium in the body fluids? a. blood clotting b. muscle contractions c. transmission of nerve impulses d. secretion of hormones e. transport of oxygen in the blood

e. transport of oxygen in the blood

High intakes of which of the following interfere with copper absorption and can lead to a deficiency? a. sodium b. iron c. chromium d. manganese e. zinc

e. zinc

a precursor to hemoglobin.

erythrocyte protoporphyrin

the fluid between the cells (interstitial fluid), plasma, and the water of structures such as the skin and bones.

extracellular fluid

high blood pressure.

hypertension

a part of the brain that helps regulate many body balances, including fluid balance.

hypothalamus

a craving for nonfood substances.

pica