Chapter 9 (Part 1)
Which of the following describes the primary structure of a protein?
The chain of amino acids bound by peptide bonds
In DNA, the 2 strands of the helix are arranged in __________ orientation.
antiparallel
The entire genetic makeup of an organism is its __________, but the expression of certain genetic traits are known as its __________.
genotype, phenotype
DNA polymerases are responsible for:
proofreading/repair, building the DNA chain
Which of the following occur during post transitional modification?
- A tertiary protein conformation forms - Cofactors are added to proteins destined to become enzymes - Formyl methionine (f-Met) is removed - Proteins join with other proteins to form quaternary structures
Which of the following are parts of the nucleotide in DNA?
- Deoxyribose sugar - Phosphate - Nitrogenous base
Which of the following DOES NOT occur during translation elongation?
- Enzymatic breaking of bond between tRNA and polypeptide chain. - Formyl methionine is delivered to the ribosome.
Which of the following occurred during post-transitional modification?
- Formyl methionine (f-Met) is removed - Proteins join with other proteins to form quarternary structures - A tertiary protein confirmation forms - Cofactors are added to proteins destined to become enzymes
How does RNA differ from DNA in bacteria and eukaryotes?
- In RNA, uracil replaces thymine. - RNA is single-strand. (Right, DNA is usually double stranded)
Which of the following are a part of the lactose operon?
- Structural locus - Control locus - Regulator
Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?
- Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template. - Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place. (RNA polymerase is different from DNA polymerase in that a helicase enzyme is not required; RNA polymerase can unwind DNA for transcription.)
Which of the following occurs during translation elongation?
- tRNA delivers amino acid to empty A stie - Peptide bond forms between adjacent amino acids - Translocation of ribosome
DNA triplet codes _____ mRNA codon(s) and _____ amino acid(s).
1, 1
A DNA triplet encodes _____ mRNA codon(s) and _____ amino acid(s).
1;1
How many replication forks are formed from opening a section of the parental DNA molecule during replication?
2
In a chromosome, the DNA is composed of __________ strands.
2
Nucleotides can only be added to the _____ end of a growing chain.
3'
A strand of mRNA is constructed in the __________ to __________ direction.
5', 3'
The purine nitrogenous bases found in RNA are guanine and __________.
Adenine
Which type of RNA is transcribed from a DNA template?
All types of RNA
Nucleotide is to nucleic acid as __________ __________ is to protein.
Amino acid
The __________ of tRNA is complimentary to the mRNA codon in translation.
Anticodon
Initiation of transcription involves:
Binding of RNA polymerase to promoter region
Which is true regarding adenine and guanine?
Both are purines
Which component of DNA determines the 3' and 5' ends of the strands?
Carbon in the deoxyribose sugar
A __________ is a discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule.
Chromosome
Each mRNA __________ codes for particular amino acid which is then bonded with other amino acids during translation to form a protein.
Codon
Thymine and __________ are pyrimidines found in DNA.
Cytosine
Genes are made up of __________, a macromolecule made up of nucleotides.
DNA
What determines the order of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein?
DNA sequence of the gene
The central dogma hypothesis of genetic states that __________ encodes __________ which encodes protein.
DNA, RNA
During transcription __________, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, adding complimentary nucleotides to the mRNA strand.
Elongation
A(n) __________ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one functional protein.
Gene
What must be replicated before a cell can divide through binary fission?
Genetic material
Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term?
Heredity
DNA __________ is the enzyme responsible for building strands of DNA.
Polymerase
DNA __________ synthesizes DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction.
Polymerase
The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA __________ I and III.
Polymerase
Alterations to a protein made after translation, such as removal of f-met, addition of cofactors and joining with other proteins for quaternary structure, are referred to as __________ __________.
Posttransitional modification
Which type of organisms have their DNA arranged into operons?
Prokaryotes
RNA polymerase binds to which region of DNA to begin transcription?
Promoter
The DNA blueprint specifies how to make what type of macromolecules?
Proteins
__________ are functional biomolecules and cells formed from one or more long chains of amino acids.
Proteins
The ribosome is composed of two subunits containing __________ and protein.
RNA
The large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is called __________ __________.
RNA polymerase
What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?
Replication
During __________ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of ont strand from the parent template and one newly synthesized strand.
Semiconservative
Which kind of gene encodes a specific functional protein?
Structural
Proteins contribute to the phenotype of an organism by functioning as:
Structural molecules, enzymes.
If one strand of DNA reads 5'-AAGCGTTA-3', the complementary sequence would be 5'-__________-3'
TAACGCTT
The complimentary sequence to 5'-AAGTC-3' is 3'-_____-5'.
TTCAG
Which is the nitrogenous found in DNA?
Thymine
In DNA, adenine pairs with __________, whereas cytosine pairs with __________.
Thymine, Guanine
The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while __________ is only found in RNA.
Uracil
Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA molecules?
Uracil
The nitrogenous bases found in the DNA include:
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine.
A(n) __________ is the specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that encodes a particular amino acid.
codon
A(n) ___________ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one functional protein.
gene
The RNA from that contains the transcribed code for a protein from the original DNA strand is __________.
mRNA
Which molecule contains the codons for the polypeptide?
mRNA
The expression of the genotype creates traits referred to as the __________.
phenotype
The specific order of amino acids bound to each other by peptide bonds represents the __________ structure of a protein.
primary
Which of the following types of RNA delivers the amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation?
tRNA
__________ bring the amino acids to the ribosome.
tRNA
When RNA polymerase reaches the __________ site on the DNA template, the newly formed mRNA sequence is released.
termination
During __________, mRNA is converted into a protein.
translation
The ribosome, composed of rRNA and protein, is involved in the process of __________.
translation
__________ is the study of the inheritance of living things.
Genetics
The __________ is the sum of all the genes constituting an organism's distinctive genetic makeup.
Genotype
Adenine and __________ are purines found in DNA.
Guanine
The purine __________ pairs with pyrimidine cytosine.
Guanine
DNA polymerase __________ is the enzyme responsible for building the DNA strand.
III
The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand DNA polymerase__________, and DNA polymerase __________ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases.
III, I
Where are the chromosomes of the cells located?
In the nucleus
Where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located?
In the nucleus
Which type of operon is typically in the "off" position until the appropriate substrate is present?
Inducible operon
The three events of translation in the correct order are __________, __________, __________ followed by protein folding and processing.
Initiation, elongation, termination
Which is the correct order of events in transcription?
Initiation, elongation, termination.
__________ are DNA sequences that do not encode protein, but may have a regulatory function.
Introns
The pentose sugar found in DNA is __________.
Deoxyribose
What amino acid sequence is encoded by the DNA template sequence 3'-TACCGCGCTCTACCG-5'?
Methionine-Alanine-Arginine-Aspartic Acid-Glycine
The genome of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell includes DNA found in which sites?
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, plasmids, chromosomes
The __________ bases are either purines pyrimidines.
Nitrogen
A "stop" codon in mRNA is also known as a __________ codon.
Nonsense
The __________ DNA strand is the strand that is not directly used for transcription into mRNA during protein synthesis.
Nontemplate
A __________ is the basic unit of DNA structure.
Nucleotide
The basic unit of DNA structure is a(n):
Nucleotide
Gene expression in prokaryotes is regulated through __________.
Operons
Protein synthesis is more efficient in prokaryotes than in the eukaryotes for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
Prokaryotic ribosomes ..........
The __________ of an operon is the location where RNA polymerase binds, whereas the __________ acts as the on/off switch for transcription of the structural genes.
Promoter, operator
Which of the following are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA?
Promoter, structural genes, operator
Two subunits of the __________ compose the site of protein synthesis.
Ribosome
__________ is the process of decoding DNA into messenger RNA.
Transcription
What are the two steps of protein synthesis?
Translation, transcription
The term __________, or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that encodes an amino acid.
Triplet
Which of the following is not a type of RNA?
dRNA
The pentose sugar found in RNA is __________.
ribose
The __________ codon AUG of mRNA is associated with the tRNA anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine.
start