Chapter 9: Physical Disorders

In 2003 it was estimated that the total number of people afflicted with HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus, was more than:

40 million

Which of the following is not true?

Group psychotherapy always prolongs life in cancer patients.

Which of the following factors does NOT accurately represent the circumstances regarding women and HIV/AIDS?

The highest age of risk for women is after age 25.

in regard to setting up behavior change programs that address the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which of the following is an accurate statement?

Women and men need different types of programs because their risk factors are different.

Miss T. was slightly injured in an accident but has fully recovered. Although she has been given medical clearance to go back to work and resume her normal activities, she maintains that she is still suffering from pain. You would correctly assess Miss T. as someone who probably has:

a disability claim pending

For coping with chronic pain, chronic fatigue syndrome, and hypertension, ___is considered generally more effective than either ____or ______.

a stress management program; biofeedback; relaxation techniques

All of the following are psychosocial treatments that have been developed for physical disorders and pain EXCEPT:

acupuncture

Too many helper cells can result in:

an autoimmune disease

The immune system identifies and eliminates foreign materials, which are called:

antigens

Research has shown that increased levels of cortisol in response to stress may cause damage to parts of the:

brain

At various times the symptoms of the disorder known as chronic fatigue syndrome were attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

brain atrophy

Endogenous opioids have been implicated in a variety of psychopathological conditions including:

eating disorders

Essential hypertension refers to:

hypertension with no verifiable physical cause

Individuals who are high users of pain relieving medications are ____to benefit from pain management programs than less frequent users.

less likely

In the 1960s, Neal Miller, using ____with animals, discovered the first experimental evidence that physiological functions were subject to voluntary control.

operant conditioning

Injury prevention programs have proven effective in teaching children about all of the following EXCEPT:

properly extinguishing cigarettes

Psychoneuroimmunology focuses on the study of

psychology, neurological responses and immune function

Research suggests that stress reduction:

reduces outbreaks in a significant number of people

All of the following are examples of "pain behaviors" EXCEPT:

suffering in silence

The link between depression and decreased immune function seems to be related to a sense of:

uncontrollability

In the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD for Chapter 9, the man with HIV is no longer able to:

walk without a cane

Jon W. has just been diagnosed with cancer. His initial response is to deny the seriousness of his condition. This type of coping mechanism:

will enable him to develop better coping mechanisms later

In the 1970s Herbert Benson developed a brief relaxation procedure that involved focusing on a:

word

Psychosocial stress reduction procedures in people exposed to AIDS:

40%

Cardiac damage has recently been related to:

A. anger B. anxiety C. depression D. all of the above

The cells of the humoral immune system which produce antibodies are called:

B cells

In reference to the clinical research studies focusing on factors that are implicated in heart disease, which of the following is an accurate statement?

Both men and women with the Type A behavioral pattern were more likely to develop coronary heart disease than were non-Type A individuals.

Which is an accurate statement regarding injury prevention programs for children?

Children who participated in safety skills programs remembered what they had learned even after the programs were over.

Regarding the age ranges for the risk of HIV/AIDS, which of the following statements is accurate?

For women, the highest risk is between 15 and 25.

Based on your knowledge of recent research studies, which of the following people would you predict is leastlikely to catch a cold following exposure to the virus?

Karen, a very sociable woman, who has many good friends

Carla and Carlos have recently learned that they are HIV-positive. According to research studies involving people who are HIV-positive, what is most likely to occur?

Neither Carlos nor Carla is likely to change any of their previous behaviors.

Which of the following immune cells enhance immune system responses by signaling B cells to produce antibodies and signaling other T cells to destroy antigens?

T helper cells

The immune system is weakened in AIDS patients because the human immunodeficiency virus directly attacks the lymphocytes called:

T4 (helper cells)

Which of the following statements accurately describes a process in the activation of the HYPAC (hormonal) axis?

The adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone cortisol.

In regard to infection by the herpes simplex virus I or II (which causes genital herpes), which of the following statements is incorrect?

The increase in the number of cases of genital herpes is due solely to biological factors.

Regarding gender differences in the experience of pain, women suffer more frequently than men from all of the following EXCEPT:

backache

Which is a type of circumstance in which women put themselves at risk for HIV/AIDS infection differently from men?

becoming prostitutes in response to economic deprivation

According to the text, some of the major contributing factors to illness and death in the United States are currently:

behavioral and psychological

What is the name of the new field of study that reflects the shift in focus from infectious disease to psychological/behavioral factors as causes of illness and death?

behavioral medicine

It has been suggested that biofeedback relieves the pain of tension headaches because it "teaches people to relax," but it is more likely that:

biofeedback training gives patients a sense of control over their headache pain

Contrary to the earlier belief that the brain and immune system operate independently of each other, scientists now know that there are nerve endings in many immune system tissues such as:

bone marrow

Brief psychosocial treatments aimed at reducing stress while increasing coping and control leads to improved immune system and prolonged life in:

both cancer and HIV/AIDS patients

In regard to the gender ratio of neurasthenia, a 19th century ailment, and chronic fatigue syndrome, a 20th century condition, it is accurate to state that:

both conditions are/were diagnosed more frequently in women

A controlled research study investigating the effects of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome resulted in improvement on:

both measures of fatigue and measures of illness belief

Comprehensive pain management programs usually include programs for teaching patients about:

both meditation and relaxation

Since heart disease is the number one cause of death in the United States, it would be very important, in terms of prevention, to determine if:

changes in behavior, lifestyle and attitude can prevent heart attacks

The only effective prevention strategy currently available for reducing the spread of AIDS appears to be:

changing high-risk behavior

According to the principles of health psychology, which of the following is the best protection against acquiring AIDS?

changing risky behaviors that can lead to disease acquisition

Studies of pain suggest that people who are optimistic:

deal with pain directly

In response to sustained stress, the body goes through several stages that together constitute the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), a concept proposed by researcher Hans Selye. GAS consists of all the following stages EXCEPT:

death

Pain may be associated with:

decreased NK cells

In comparison to men in the U.S., Japanese men exhibit:

decreased Type A behavior and decreased CUD

In keeping daily records of the stressful events in their lives, patients in pain management programs are taught to be very specific about all of the following EXCEPT:

how they attempted to control the stress

Using the word psychosomatic to describe a disorder with an obvious physical component is considered misleading because:

it gives the impression that psychological disorders like anxiety or depression do not have a biological component

Researchers who study the clinical experience of pain have determined that pain is:

neither entirely physical, nor entirely psychological

In the mid-19th century, symptoms of fatigue, vague aches and pains, low-grade fever, and lack of energy were attributed to a disorder called:

neurasthenia

In trying to determine if the Type A/Type B classifications are reliable and valid as predictors of heart disease, it becomes apparent that:

not every individual shows distinctively Type A or Type B characteristics

Health psychology, a subfield of behavioral medicine, focuses on all of the following EXCEPT:

psychosomatic effects on health

In a stressful events record, clients in a pain management program are asked to record:

thoughts that occur during stress as well as somatic symptoms

Which of the following is NOT one of the three most common behaviors that put us at risk for physical disorders?

watching too much TV

In regard to the condition termed "chronic pain," most researchers now agree that the cause of chronic pain and resulting high costs to our health care system are primarily:

both psychological and social

A massive anti-smoking campaign in China in 1989 involved:

children reporting to their schools on their fathers' smoking habits

The same symptoms that were diagnosed in the 19th century as a condition called neurasthenia are currently referred to as:

chronic fatigue syndrome

Various psychological factors have been used to explain individual variations in blood pressure including all of the following EXCEPT:

cognitive skills

Whether or not stress and/or anxiety develop in a stressful situation appears to be related to one's perceived sense of:

control

Which of the following factors is most closely related to how well you think you can cope with a threat or challenge?

control

Which of the following is NOT an example of the complex interaction of physical and psychological factors in the experience of pain?

delusional pain

Research findings have suggested that it might not be the stressful event itself that affects immune system functioning but rather the accompanying

depression

Which of the following was NOT one of the procedures or types of information used as part of San Francisco's 1990 community-level program to reduce new cases of HIV infection?

discussions of the moral and religious consequences of being HIV-positive

Which of the following is least likely to bring about changes in "risky" behaviors for individuals who are at risk for HIV/AIDS?

distribution

When high-risk individuals are given educational and informational pamphlets about ways to reduce their chances of becoming HIV-positive, they typically:

do not change their high-risk behaviors

The development of chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with:

early stressful life events

Stress affects immune function:

even if the stressful event lasts as little as 2 hours

Which of the following best represents the emotional continuum believed to be related to coping with threat and challenge?

excitement, stress, anxiety, depression

One of the most successful efforts to reduce risk factors for a medical condition involved three entire communities in California in which residents received different types of interventions or no intervention at all (for the community that served as the control group). The targeted condition in this effort was:

heart disease

Psychosocial interventions such as stress reduction techniques for chronically ill individuals are thought to affect the disease process via the immune system in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

helping patients realize that their sense of hopelessness is realistic

In regard to the epidemic of AIDS in Africa, an individual is most likely to become HIV-positive following:

heterosexual sex with an infected partner

Mr. V. is participating in a clinical research study that is investigating psychological factors that may influence the development of heart disease. When he is instructed to imagine a situation in which he was very angry, the sensors monitoring his heart reveal that:

his heart is pumping less efficiently

B cells are associated with immunity, while T cells are associated wit immunity:

humeral; cellular

Group psychotherapy for cancer patients tends to:

increase survival times

At the beginning of the 20th century, the leading cause of death in the U.S. was:

infectious diseases

According to the textbook, the leading cause of death for children and adults (under age 45) is:

injury

According to Holyrod et Al., biofeedback may decrease pain because it:

instills a sense of control over the pain

Chronic use of pain medications to treat headaches:

is associated with decreased pain initially, but is followed by rebound pain

In the "Abnormal Psychology Live CD" for Chapter 9, a young man who is HIV positive talks about his own personal coping mechanisms including:

keeping busy with artwork

Benefit finding refers to:

looking for the positive consequences of getting cancer

Continuous secretion of the stress hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands can lead to all of the following EXCEPT:

low blood pressure in the cardiovascular system

Females may have an "extra" pain-regulating pathway focused on relieving pain associated with the reproductive system. One implication of this biological gender difference is that:

males and females may benefit from different kinds of medications and different kinds of pain management

A treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome developed by Michael Sharpe includes all of the following EXCEPT:

medication

A decrease in the activity of stress hormones and certain neurotransmitters appears to occur during:

meditation

Which of the following is a correct match of medical condition and its definition?

myocardial infarction -- death of heart tissue due to a completely clogged artery

In 1989 health professionals in China began a massive antismoking effort in several cities that involved children whose fathers smoked. As part of this effort, all of the following are accurate statements EXCEPT:

photos of the fathers who continued smoking were published in the school newspapers

The procedure known as biofeedback involves a process by which a person is first helped to become aware of his/her:

physiological functions

Research has shown that excessive secretion of the stress hormone cortisol can result in cell death in the hippocampal region of the brain in cases of:

posttraumatic stress disorder

All of the following situations have been associated with lowered immune system functioning EXCEPT:

pregnancy

Based on findings from clinical research, treatment programs for chronic pain focus primarily on:

psychological factors

"AIDS, a disease of the immune system, is directly affected by stress. Stress may then promote the deadly progression of the disease." These two statements are an example of:

psychological factors influencing biological processes

Recent clinical studies indicate that it is a good pain relieving strategy to use biofeedback in conjunction with:

relaxation procedures

In four cities where community based behavior change programs were carried out for individuals at high risk for HIV/AIDS, results indicated that:

risky sexual practices were substantially reduced

The final process in the activation of the HPA (hormonal) axis is:

secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland

A woman who has successfully run several marathons is more likely to tolerate high levels of pain than a novice runner because of:

self-efficacy

The "natural" opioids called endorphins or enkephalins act like neurotransmitters to:

shut down the sensation of pain

In comparison to all the other causes combined, injuries are ____as likely to cause death in children.

six times

In regard to the gate control theory, the ____are thought to open the gates allowing pain sensations to be transmitted while _____ are thought to close the gate and block the sensations.

small fibers, large fibers

In the phenomenon known as "operant" control of pain, the pain behaviors manifested by an individual are determined by:

social consequences

According to the textbook, the physiological response of an individual to a stressor is called:

stress

The work of Cohen and his associates suggests that:

stress impacts the intensity and severity of cold symptoms

In 1936 Canadian researcher Hans Selye discovered that giving injections to laboratory rats caused them to develop ulcers. His finding led to a new area of study called:

stress physiology

Unhealthy and/or risky behaviors that impact directly on the cardiovascular system may contribute to:

strokes, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease

AIDS is now treated with new combinations of drugs called "highly active antiretroviral therapy" (HAART), which:

suppress the virus in people who are HIV positive

Cognitive therapy is used in stress management programs to help clients learn to do all of the following EXCEPT:

tell off people they don't like as a way of reducing stress

When pain is induced after people are given a placebo they feel less pain because:

the endogenous opioid system is activated

Your textbook reports on a behavioral change program to address the high rate of smoking in China. This was an important study for several reasons including the fact that:

the number of people who smoke in China equals the entire population of the United States

During laboratory stress tests, which of the following individuals have been shown to have greater reactivity in their blood pressure?

those with very low blood pressure whose parents had low blood pressure

Which of the following does NOT describe an effective psychosocial intervention that has been reported in oncology research studies?

use of cognitive imaging techniques that temporarily rendered the AIDS virus inactive for brief periods

In biofeedback procedures, clinicians use physiological monitoring equipment to make the responses _____to the patient.

visible and/or audible

In the massive antismoking campaign in China in 1989, the results indicated that ___of the 10,000 fathers in the intervention group quit smoking for at least six months in comparison to a control group of 10,000 in which only ____ quit smoking.

12%; 0.2%

Estimates from the United Nations regarding the prevalence of AIDS in southern Africa indicate that at least ______ of all 15 year-old children will eventually die of the disease.

40%

In a comprehensive headache treatment program, people who were low users of analgesic medications achieved at least a _____reduction in headache pain.

50%

What percentage of deaths in the U.S. can be traced to lifestyle choices?

50%

In which of the following ways do psychological and social factors influence health?

A. They can affect basic biological processes resulting in illness and disease. B. Unhealthy lifestyles can increase the risk of developing physical disorders. C. both of these

Although the improvement is only moderate, relaxation techniques have been shown to have a positive effect on:

A. headaches B. hypertension (high blood pressure) C. pain D. all of these

Research on the placebo effect is valuable because it:

A. shows that it is difficulty to separate easily separate the effects of biochemical and psychological factors on brain function B. may make it possible to more efficiently integrate placebo and drug treatments C. can help us understand the mechanisms by which drugs are effective in pain treatment D. all of these

Steven and Diane, two young adults who live in different cities and do not know each other, have learned recently that they are HIV-positive following sexual intercourse with infected partners. What changes in their behavior are most likely to occur in the future?

Both Steven and Diane will continue to have unprotected sex.