Chapter 9 Psych

Janet and Joan are on a hot air balloon ride. They experience identical patterns of physiological arousal: increased heart rate, sweaty palms, pupil dilation, and increased breathing. After each woman assesses the environment, Janet feels happy while Joan is very scared. Which theory of emotion can best explain this difference?

Schacter-Singer two-factor

Cyril is writing an essay on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Which of the following should he include as a critique of the theory?

Self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness

Noor and Ahmad, 4-year-old twins, are shopping with their mother. She offers to buy them each a small cookie now or a large toy later if they are good during the shopping trip. Noor takes the cookie, but Ahmad waits for the toy. Based on this, who will be more successful in high school?

Ahmad, because he can delay gratification

When he misses lunch, August knows he is experiencing a state of deficiency. Pretty soon, he starts to feel hungry and he goes to a deli to eat. August was motivated to eat because he experienced the psychological state called a(n) ________, which will reduce his state of deficiency.

Drive

Cole gets easily embarrassed in social situations. He is worried that this trait will hurt his relationships and social interactions. Following psychological theories on embarrassment, what should you tell him?

Feeling embarrassed helps interpersonal awkwardness and strengthens relationships

John is hanging out with a group of friends. According to the need to belong, which friend will pay the most attention to social information?

Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

In the musical The King and I, the lead character sings about whistling when she feels afraid to hide her fear, which eventually makes her not feel afraid. The idea that acting like you are not afraid keeps you from feeling afraid is similar to which theory of emotion?

James-Lange

Vincent is a brilliant artist and is very satisfied with his achievements. However, he has little to eat, lives in poverty, and spends most of his time alone working on his art. Why would Vincent's life be problematic in terms of Maslow's need hierarchy?

Lower needs must be met before higher needs

Daria is writing a lecture and wants to explain the difference between being motivated by states of biological deficiency versus being motivated by incentives. Which of the following should she include as an example of an incentive that can motivate behavior even though it is NOT related to a "need"?

Money

Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking

Motivation

Paloma's parents spent a great deal of time with her when she was growing up; they always made her feel loved and valued. Erhard's parents loved him, but they were always busy and distant. As an adult, who is likely to experience more guilt, and why?

Paloma, because she has developed the ability to empathize

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion?

You are afraid because you are shaking.

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

You are shaking and you are afraid.

After you finish a big meal, the level of glucose in your bloodstream increases. What happens next in order for your body to process the glucose?

Your pancreas produces insulin to manage the glucose.

Kyoti and Niwako are discussing the places in town where they have met the best-looking men. Based on excitation transfer, which place will be at the top of the list?

a dance club

Winona has difficulty determining how fearful someone is based on the person's facial expressions. Her friends worry that she can no longer process the emotional significance of stimuli due to brain damage and think there is a problem with Winona's

amygdala

Magdala blushes any time she makes even a slight social error. Magdala thinks this makes her unskilled in social situations and would love to be able to stop. The best information you can give Magdala is to tell her that people who blush do just fine in social situations because they

are more easily forgiven when they make a mistake.

You are taking part in an experiment on emotions. You are shown an isolated face and are certain that the face is expressing sadness. Then you are shown the same sad face paired with a fearful body posture. According to the research, how will you categorize the emotion?

as fear

Blythe had a large breakfast in the late morning. Even though she was planning to skip lunch, she starts to feel hungry at noon and decides to eat. The fact that Blythe wants to eat at her normal lunchtime even though she ate a late breakfast can be best explained by

classical conditioning

Current research about the role of the amygdala in emotion suggests that the path from the thalamus to the cortex to the amygdala

confirms whether a threat is present

When Ellen learns that her roommate will be an international student from Britain, she is worried that her roommate will be stiff and reserved. Ellen is surprised when Diana turns out to be upbeat and friendly. Diana's behavior goes against Ellen's beliefs about how people from Britain express emotions and have violated her

cultural display rules.

Blake is waiting to hear whether he has been accepted to medical school. He is so anxious that he is having trouble working. To cope with the situation, he tries to keep himself from thinking about it by practicing the guitar. In doing so, Blake is dealing with his feelings through

distraction

Raymond is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days. He finally realizes he is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep. Raymond's desire to go home and get some rest so that he no longer feels tired is a(n)

drive

Luke needs about seven hours of sleep a night. During his spring break, however, he sleeps 10 hours just because he enjoys it so much. Luke's behavior is difficult to explain with which of the following motivation theories?

drive reduction

Jie recently got out of a bad relationship. While she is excited to be single again, she is not sure how she will move forward on her own. Jie's uncertainty in making a subjective evaluation about her current situation means she is struggling with

emotion

During recess, children are trying to balance a seesaw. If one side is too low, a heavier child will get off and be replaced by a lighter child; if one side is too high, a lighter child will be replaced by a heavier one. The children's behavior is similar to our biological states as they try to create

equilibrium

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation, which is her goal. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced by ________ motivation. Joe is influenced by ________ motivation.

extrinsic; intrinsic

Angelica claims to be an expert at reading people's emotions through their expressions. When asked how she does it, Angelica claims that she uses people's ________ to give her the best cues as to how they are feeling

eyes

At a potluck, everyone brings his or her favorite dish to share. Gavin decides to avoid the foods he has never heard of before and instead eats only the macaroni and cheese he brought to the party. In this example, Gavin eating food he prepared himself suggests that he is most influenced by

familiarity

Sally is having a hard time losing weight and keeping it off because the more weight she loses, the hungrier she feels. This condition is most likely due to the effects of ________, which triggers feelings of hunger.

ghrelin

Troy finds it very hard to lose weight. No matter how often he exercises, he keeps gaining weight instead of losing it. He thinks that he has a genetic predisposition to be overweight, which has most likely made him sensitive to the hunger-promoting effects of

ghrelin

John really wants to become a doctor. He continues working toward his goal, despite the fact that he has trouble with the course work and has difficulty getting admitted to college and paying for his education. John's willingness to keep working toward his goal, despite the setbacks, is an indication that John has

grit

Ekman and colleagues found that several emotions are common to people around the world, including all of the following EXCEPT

guilt

Jake and Juanita have been married for 10 years. Though Jake has been tempted to have an extramarital affair, his emotion of ________ helps keep him faithful to his wife

guilt

Robert becomes anxious during exams. He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down. Over time, Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become a(n)

habit

While studying Ekman's work on expressions of emotions, Tanino is surprised to find out that the strongest cross-cultural agreement in the identification of emotions involves ________, and the weakest involves ________.

happiness; fear and disgust

Janelle knows that motivational states are directive, meaning that they

help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs

Donato and Quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth. Donato tends to be fearful of many things. According to the research on genetics and negative emotions, you would expect Quincy to have ________ levels of fear.

high

You are training for a marathon. You spend all your extra time conditioning and practicing, because you know that the more effort you put in, the more likely you are to succeed. Based on this, it is likely that you have

high self-efficacy

Mauricio does not get enough milk to drink and begins to eat chalk from his classroom to replace the missing calcium. Mauricio eating chalk in order to replenish the calcium in his body is an example of

homeostasis

One day, Bill surprises his friend Ted by jumping out from behind a tree. Ted is startled and falls backward, hitting his head on a rock. The next day, Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have damaged the part of his brain called the

hypothalamus

From an evolutionary perspective, we can see that pleasure ________ the likelihood of survival and reproduction because it ________.

increases; promotes adaptive behaviors

Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he only needs 43 out of 100 points on the final exam to receive an "A" in the class. Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to do well on the final. Cesar's behavior is affected by

internal motivation

Sydney, who is currently in a good mood, has been asked about her life satisfaction. According to the affect-as-information theory, Sydney will most likely respond that she

is generally happy with her life.

Gertrude is close to finishing her degree in biology and has been offered several good jobs in her field. However, Gertrude decides that she really wants to become a carpenter. She quits school and becomes a very happy and successful carpenter. According to Maslow, Gertrude

is self-actualized

While it appears to be negative, guilt can actually serve to protect and strengthen our interpersonal relationships. All of the following are examples of this protective concept EXCEPT when guilt

is used to deceive others

Danny, who has a damaged amygdala, accidentally spilled kerosene on a campfire and got badly burned. Later, Danny's reaction to fire is that he

knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it

Recently, people have started laughter groups. These groups get together on a regular basis to laugh for a period of time. Even though the laughter occurs without humor, group members show improved mental and physical health. This happens because

laughter has physiological effects that are similar to exercise

Pluto the dog is hit by a car while chasing a squirrel. Afterward, he starts losing weight and does not seem interested in eating his food. Pluto is most likely having problems with the part of the brain that processes the hormone ________, which should indicate when to stop eating.

leptin

When you are hungry, the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is________. After you finish a big meal, the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is ________.

low; high

Emilio has an "A" average, and Claudio has a "C" average. Both men have career aspirations of becoming aeronautical engineers to work for NASA. Claudio likely has ________ than Emilio

lower achievement motivation

Mr. Griffin has a class full of students with high achievement motivation. To help these students do well on his calculus exam, Mr. Griffin should write questions that are

moderately difficult

Jerome's boat sank in cold water and his body temperature is dangerously low, so he starts swimming to raise his body temperature. According to motivational theory, Jerome's low temperature created a deficient state called a(n) ________, which in turn created a motivating state called a(n) ________ to increase his temperature.

need; drive

Lulu has a hard time sitting still and concentrating when doing her homework. Lulu's father says to her "If you can sit still and focus for 10 minutes and get these three math problems right then we can play soccer together for a while." Lulu's father is trying to motivate a change in her behavior by

offering Lulu an incentive to finish the math homework.

Researchers have found that the physical expression of pride tends to be more biologically based than culturally specific. Each of the following research findings support this claim EXCEPT

people in isolated communities cannot identify expressions of pride on the faces of people who are outside of their culture.

Mabel is comparing theories of emotion. When studying the Schacter-Singer two-factor theory, she notes that people experience emotion through

physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal. They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love. The effect the roller coaster has on Jason and Cora is associated with the ________ of emotion.

physiological processes

Ross is explaining the different theories of emotion to his younger brother. When describing the Schacter-Singer two-factor theory, he explains that a situation causes a

physiological response that is followed by a cognitive label.

Terry's home was destroyed in a hurricane. It is hard to find food, so he is constantly hungry. However, he feels lucky because his family survived and he is together with his loved ones. According to Maslow's theory, Terry's ________ needs are not met, but his ________ needs are being met.

physiological; belonging

Current research about the role of the amygdala in emotion suggests that the path from the thalamus to the amygdala

prepares one to respond to the threat

After he was robbed, Marcus kept replaying the incident in his mind. "Why did I leave the door unlocked? Some of my stuff was irreplaceable and I can never get it back." By continually focusing on this negative event, Marcus is coping with his feelings through

rumination

Delia lives far from her family and rarely visits them. On a recent trip home, Delia realizes that her nephews do not know who she is. This makes Delia feel remorseful. Because remorse is a blend of other feelings, Delia is experiencing a(n) ________ emotion

secondary

Hernando and Fiona are in an advanced math class, which they love. In order to increase his effort in the class, Hernando's parents give him $5 for every "A" that he gets. Fiona's parents do not reward her for good grades. Fiona is more likely to do well in the class because of

self-determination theory.

Makenna is starting her first job as a teacher. To effectively motivate her students, Makenna should

set challenging and specific goals that are not too difficult or too easy, to encourage persistence and concentration during lessons.

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life. During her pregnancy, she gained 25 pounds. After having her baby, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. For Ruth, 130 pounds is a(n) ________, and her body went back to it through the process of ________.

set point; homeostasis

Jalila reads the paper every day because she is intrinsically motivated. Jalila most likely reads the paper because

she feels a need to keep current with world events

Recently, Miriam's violin instructor tells her that she has to practice three hours a day for a competition. Although Miriam usually practices more than three hours, she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing a lot less. Self-determination theory suggests that Miriam's sudden loss of interest happened because

she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice.

If Phong makes his girlfriend Regina dinner and his menu selection is influenced by his culture, he would most likely make Regina

snake wine, because it is a delicacy in his native Vietnam

When explaining the purpose of homeostasis, Dr. Murphy would most likely suggest that it

stabilizes conditions in the body

When re-creating Mischel's famous marshmallow delay-of-gratification study, Art finds that children who successfully wait to eat the marshmallow are LEAST likely to

stare at the marshmallow

Since anxiety can hurt test performance, Thatcher does relaxation exercises before a big exam. He is shocked when he does poorly on the exam. He would have been less surprised had he known about the relationship between physiological activation and performance, as described in

the Yerkes-Dodson law

Stewart desperately wants a job in computers. During his interview, he is aggressive about his thoughts and ideas. A motivation theorist who believes in extrinsic motivation would say that Stewart's behavior in the interview is most likely motivated by

the incentive of wanting to earn a high salary

Jenna plans to be an engineer. However, she loves taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is best explained by

the pleasure principle

Cynthia's psychology professor asks the class not to think about purple unicorns. Though Cynthia has never once before thought about a purple unicorn, she finds that she cannot stop thinking about them. Cynthia is experiencing ________ as a result of her attempts at ________.

the rebound effect; thought suppression

Aman and Pavan are identical twins who were separated at birth. Whenever something goes wrong (even when it is not his fault), Pavan always feels guilty about it. According to the research on genetics and negative emotions, you would expect Aman to show ________ levels of guilt.

unpredictable

Beth's entire family has a high achievement motivation. Which of the following is Beth NOT likely to observe in her family members?

unrealistically high career goals

Tara is shooting hockey pucks into a net. If she has a low need for achievement, she will probably take ________ practice shots.

very easy

Parvati is a competitive gymnast at the Olympic trials. She is highly motivated to perform her absolute best. Given your knowledge of the effects of arousal on performance, the best advice you can give Parvati is that she should calm down because

very high arousal can hurt her performance.

Ming is hiking around a lake to photograph it from a variety of angles, but she forgot to bring water with her. Soon, she cannot concentrate and goes back to her car to satisfy her thirst. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing Ming's behavior in this situation?

Drive Reduction

Your siblings are arguing about who will be more successful in school. Your brother says that he will, because he has more natural talent and intelligence. Your sister thinks that she will, because she has more grit. You decide to settle the argument by telling them the latest research finding on whether natural talent or grit is more important in predicting success. What should you tell them?

Grit is a better predictor than intelligence for educational attainment

Your sister complains that she hates how she feels guilty all the time. To cheer her up, you want to tell her about the ways in which guilt can be adaptive. Which of the following things would you tell her?

Guilt strengthens relationships by showing that you care about the other person.

Jason gets excited every time he walks into his physics class. However, Jason has never really liked science, so he does not think that his excitement is due to the class. Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner. Jason's misattribution of his arousal in an attempt to explain the excitement he feels is consistent with which theory of emotion?

Schacter-Singer two-factor

Linda is feeling shaky, her heart is racing, and her mouth is dry. She attributes these symptoms to the fact that she has a big presentation in five minutes and she is nervous. Which theory of emotion best explains Linda's experience?

Schacter-Singer two-factor

Marty just lost 15 pounds. Even though she has better eating habits, she has a strong urge to eat more frequently than she did before she lost the weight. The most likely reason for Marty's problem is

an increase in ghrelin

You are planning an upcoming trip to Namibia for a service project. The research on facial expressions and emotion would suggest you should

assume that you are reading the Namibians' facial expressions accurately

Lisa does not like going to her sister Megan's piano recitals, but she finds that if she forces herself to smile during the recital, she will ________, as predicted by the ________.

begin to feel happy; facial-feedback hypothesis

Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for ________ is a fundamental adaptive motive.

belonging

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine, but she really does not like to work out. If she decides to use incentives to motivate her exercising behavior, which of the following is Shana most likely to do?

buy herself a new pair of shoes after exercising every day for two weeks

While explaining affect-as-information theory to her roommate, Bianca should most likely say that we use

current moods to make judgments, even if we do not know the source of our moods

Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions. When Toko watched the clip with other people present, she showed little outward emotion. When Toko watched the clips alone, she showed the same strong emotions observed in American college students. The difference in what Toko considers to be acceptable emotional expression shows the influence of

display rules

Kirsten and Dustin have gone down the most demanding ski trail at the resort. Back at the lodge, they are feeling extra excitement from finishing their trail and suddenly find that their attraction for each other has increased greatly. This effect is most likely due to

excitation transfer

When going to her office on the seventh floor, June either takes the elevator or the stairs. If June takes the stairs, she will be annoyed when asked a simple question by her coworkers. However, if June takes the elevator, she is more patient. The irritated reaction that occurs when June is physiologically aroused by climbing the stairs is an example of

excitation transfer

In a study, male participants are given a drug that makes them feel extremely happy. Participants in Group A are told that the drug will make them happy. Participants in Group B are not told about the effects of the drug. Later on, an attractive woman enters the room. According to the Schacter-Singer two-factor theory, Group A is less likely to feel attracted to the woman because these participants

expected positive feelings from the drug.

The final project for your class is due in a few days. You ask a classmate how his project is going. He tells you that he has not started, because no matter how hard he tries, he can never get a good grade. Based on this statement, it is likely that your classmate

has low self-efficacy

Sandra is a nutritionist who knows that long-term regulation of body fat primarily involves the hormone called

leptin

Tamera and Kai found a house they want to buy. The day they found it, they had been having a wonderful time house hunting and planning their life together. A few days later, after having a miserable day at work, Kai goes back to look at the house again. Tamera predicts that Kai will like the house

less because of affect-as-information theory

Eva and Garnet survived a traumatic bus accident. During the accident, Eva's amygdala was severely damaged while Garnet experienced no injuries. When compared with Garnet, you would expect Eva to be ________ to develop a conditioned fear to buses.

less likely

Antoinette is a real risk taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their

optimal levels of arousal

Tia is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is having trouble understanding the James-Lange theory of emotion. Her friend Brian took the course last semester and is most likely to explain the relationship between fear and trembling as

someone feels afraid because he or she is trembling

Roland tells himself that he must love soccer because he works so hard at it. Then, Roland's coach tells him he can get a full soccer scholarship to college. Now Roland tells himself that he is working so hard because he needs to earn a scholarship. Roland now enjoys soccer less. Self-perception theory would explain Roland's behavior by saying that

winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer